The effect of fiber type,yarn structure and fabric structure on the frictional characteristics of sock fabrics

Abstract

The objective of this study was to measure the combined effects of fiber type (fine wool, mid-micron wool, acrylic), yarn type (high twist, low twist, single) and fabric structure (single jersey, half-terry, terry) on friction between sock fabrics and a synthetic skin using the horizontal platform method. The effect of weight of a hypothetical wearer and moisture content of a sock fabric were also investigated. Differences among fabrics were analyzed using frictional force traces. Data compared included the static and dynamic friction and coefficients of friction, as well as three new descriptive parameters.

All variables investigated affected the frictional characteristics between a sock fabric and a synthetic skin. Single jersey fabrics had the lowest coefficient of static and dynamic friction. Friction between fabric and a synthetic skin was affected most by the applied weight, with the simulated adult weight resulting in a greater frictional force, and higher coefficients of static and dynamic friction. The most important effect of fiber was on the static frictional force and coefficient of static friction of damp fabrics, with fabrics composed of fine wool exhibiting lowest friction, and acrylic fabrics the highest.

Keywords

sock fabrics fiber type fabric structure yarn type blisters friction

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Sulzberger

Cortese

Fishman

. Studies on blisters produced by friction. J Investigat Dermatol 1966; 47(5): 456–465.

Comaish

Bottoms

. The skin and friction: Deviations from Amonton's laws, and the effects of hydration and lubrication. Brit J Dermatol 1971; 84(1): 37–43.

Zhong

Xing

MMQ

Pan

. Textiles and human skin, microclimate, cutaneous reactions: An overview. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2006; 25(1): 23–39.

Herring

Richie

. Friction blisters and sock fiber composition: A double-blind study. J Podiat Assoc 1990; 80(2): 63–71.

Euler

. Creating “comfort” socks for the U.S. consumer. Knitting Times May 1985, pp. 47–50.

Bertaux

Derler

Rossi

. Textile, physiological, and sensorial parameters in sock comfort. Text Res J 2010; 80(17): 1803–1810.

Kenins

. Influence of fiber type and moisture on measured fabric-to-skin friction. Text Res J 1994; 64(12): 722–728.

Jeddi

AAA

Shams

Nosraty

. Relations between fabric structure and friction. Part 1: Woven fabrics. J Text Instit 2003; 94(3): 223–234.

Baussan

Bueno

M-A

. Rossi RM and Derler S, Experiments and modelling of skin-knitted fabric friction. Wear 2010; 268(9–10): 1103–1110.

10.

Baussan

Bueno

Rossi

. Analysis of current running sock structures with regard to blister prevention. Text Res J 2013; 83(8): 836–848.

11.

Gwosdow

Stevens

Berglund

. Skin friction and fabric sensations in neutral and warm environments. Text Res J 1986; 56(9): 574–580.

12.

Herring

Richie

. Comparison of cotton and acrylic socks using a generic cushion sole design for runners. J Am Podiat Med Assoc 1993; 83(9): 515–522.

13.

Carr

Posey

Tincher

. Frictional characteristics of apparel fabrics. Text Res J 1988; 58(3): 129–136.

14.

Zurek

Jankoiak

Frydrych

. Surface frictional resistance of fabrics woven from filament yarns. Text Res J 1985; 55(2): 113–121.

15.

Hermann

Ramkumar

Seshaiyer

. Frictional study of woven fabrics: The relationship between the friction and velocity of testing. J Appl Polym Sci 2004; 92(4): 2420–2424.

16.

Ramkumar

Umrani

Shelly

. Study of the effect of sliding velocity on the frictional properties of nonwoven fabric substrates. Wear 2004; 256(3–4): 221–225.

17.

Gupta

El Mogahzy

. Friction in fibrous materials. Part I: Structural model. Text Res J 1991; 61(9): 547–555.

18.

Morton WE, Hearle JWS. Fibre friction. In: Physical Properties of Textile Fibres. 3rd edition. Manchester, UK: The Textile Institute 1993, p.635.

19.

Ramkumar

Rajanala

Parameswaran

. Frictional characterization of polymeric materials: A review. AATCC Review 2005; 5(2): 17–20.

20.

Ajayi

. Fabric smoothness, friction and handle. Text Res J 1992; 62(1): 52–59.

21.

ISO 6330:2000. Textiles—Domestic washing and drying procedures for textile testing. Geneva, ISO.

22.

Gore

Laing

Wilson

. Standardizing a pre-treatment cleaning procedure and effects of application on apparel fabrics. Text Res J 2006; 76(6): 455–464.

23.

ISO 139:2005. Textiles—Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing. Geneva, ISO.

24.

Dayiary

Najar

Shamsi

. An experimental verification of cut-pile carpet compression behavior. J Text Instit 2010; 101(6): 488–494.

25.

Derler

Schrade

Gerhardt

L-C

. Tribology of human skin and mechanical skin equivalents in contact with textiles. Wear 2007; 263(7–12): 1112–1116.

26.

Laing

Wilson

Gore

. Determining the drying time of apparel fabrics. Text Res J 2007; 77(8): 583–590.

27.

Howell

. The laws of static friction. Text Res J 1953; 23(8): 589–591.

28.

Scheiner

Gurevitch

. Design and Analysis of Ecological Experiments, New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.

29.

Gupta

Ajayi

Kutsenko

. Experimental methods for analyzing friction in textiles. In: Friction in Textile Materials, Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing, 2008, pp. 177–177.

30.

Thorndike

. Varley L, Measurement of the coefficient of friction between samples of the same cloth. J Text Instit Proc 1961; 52(6): P255–P271.

31.

Sanders

Greve

Mitchell

. Material properties of commonly-used interface materials and their static coefficients of friction with skin and socks. J Rehab Res Dev 1998; 35(2): 161–176.

32.

Myshkin

Petrokovets

Kovalev

. Tribology of polymers: Adhesion, friction, wear, and mass-transfer. Tribol Int 2006; 38(11): 910–921.

33.

Morton WE, Hearle JWS. Tensile properties. In: Physical Properties of Textiles Fibres. 3rd edition. Manchester, UK: The Textile Institute, 1993: 406.

34.

Chapman

. The bending stress-strain properties of single fibres and the effect of temperature and relative humidity. J Text Instit 1973; 64(6): 312–327.

35.

Berman

Ducker

Israelachvili

. Origin and charaterization of different stick-slip friction mechanisms. Langmuir 1996; 12(19): 4559–4563.

36.

Dai

X-Q

Zhang

. Effect of sock on biomechanical responses of foot during walking. Clin Biomech 2006; 21(3): 314–321.