Light and perspiration stability of triazinylstilbene fluorescent brighteners (TFBs) for cotton fabrics was investigated and many factors affecting the photo-fading of TFBs viz. substituent groups, artificial perspirations and their components were discussed. The experimental results indicated that the TFB with morpholine groups appeared to be the most sensitive one under simultaneous exposure to light and perspiration, whereas the TFBs containing sulfonic acid and diethanolamine groups exhibited the best stability. Among the three selected standards of artificial perspiration, the alkaline Association for Textile Technical Study standard perspiration retarded the photo-fading of TFBs on cotton fabrics remarkably. Furthermore, the study on the contribution of artificial perspiration components disclosed that the sodium salt played the predominant role in decelerating the photo-reaction of TFBs on cotton fabrics, while the influence of lactic acid was usually depended on two factors: the pH value and its reducibility.
ShiHLiuHBNiYH. Review: use of optical brightening agents (OBAs) in the production of paper containing high-yield pulps. Bioresources2012; 7: 2582–2591.
2.
GrabchevIPhilipovaT. Photophysical and photochemical properties of some triazine-stilbene fluorescent brighteners. Dyes Pigments2000; 44: 175–180.
3.
NaikSNPoroSS. Advances in the area of fluorescent compounds. Colourage1995; 8: 56–58.
4.
SuleAD. Whiteness and degree of yellowness. Colourage1993; 11: 31–42.
5.
ShamsipurMYeganeh-FaalAChaichiMJ. A study of peroxyoxalate- chemiluminescence of 4,4′-bis{[4,6-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino-1,3,5- triazin-2-yl]amino} stilbene-2,2′ -disulfonic acid-disodium salt as a novel blue fluorescer. Spectrochim Acta A2007; 66: 546–551.
6.
HussainMShameyRHinksD. Synthesis of novel stilbene-alkoxysilane fluorescent brighteners, and their performance on cotton fiber as fluorescent brightening and ultraviolet absorbing agents. Dyes Pigments2012; 92: 1231–1240.
7.
de los SantosMBatlleRSalafrancaJ. Subcritical water and dynamic sonication-assisted solvent extraction of fluorescent whitening agents and azo dyes in paper samples. J Chromatogr A2005; 1064: 135–141.
8.
UmSKangYHLeeJK. The synthesis and properties of triazine-stilbene fluorescent brighteners containing a monophenolic antioxidant. Dyes Pigments2007; 75: 681–686.
9.
MiljkovićMNPurenovićMMNovakovićMK. Influence of the fluorescent brightener periblanc BA on the degree of whiteness of knitted cotton fabric. Hem Ind2011; 65: 61–66.
10.
GuoXLinLGuoR. Effect of surfactant structure on catalysis of microemulsion for photoisomerization of trans-stilbene. Chinese Chem Lett2007; 18: 1265–1268.
11.
KarthausOHiokiMShimomuraM. Photochemistry in stilbene-containing monolayers. Part II: effect of cation binding on photoisomerization. Colloid Surface A1997; 126: 181–188.
12.
LakshminarasimhanPHSunojRBKarthikeyanS. Direct and sensitized geometric isomerization of stilbene within zeolites: a comparison between solution and zeolite as reaction media. J Photochem Photobiol A2002; 153: 41–53.
13.
KramerJBCanonicaSHoigneJ. Degradation of fluorescent whitening agents in sunlit natural waters. Environ Sci Technol1996; 30: 2227–2234.
14.
DyerJMCornellisonCDBringansSD. The photoyellowing of stilbene-derived fluorescent whitening agents-mass spectrometric characterization of yellow photoproducts. Photochem Photobiol2008; 84: 145–153.
15.
HironoriONobuhiroKTeijiroK. Mechanism of the photofading of stilbene-fluorescent dyes. Contribution of singlet oxygen to the photofading of 4,4′-bisacetamidostilbene. Color Technol1981; 97: 462–464.
16.
CanonicaSKramerJBReissD. Photoisomerization kinetics of stilbene-type fluorescent whitening agents. Environ Sci Technol1997; 31: 1754–1760.
17.
HorschPSpeckAFrimmelFH. Combined advanced oxidation and biodegradation of industrial effluents from the production of stilbene-based fluorescent whitening agents. Water Res2003; 37: 2748–2756.
18.
FouratiMASkeneWGBazuinCG. Photophysical and electrochemical investigations of the fluorescent probe, 4,4′-bis(2-benzoxazolyl)-stilbene. J Phys Chem A2013; 117: 836–844.
19.
DyerJMClerensSCornellisonCD. Photoproducts formed in the photoyellowing of collagen in the presence of a fluorescent whitening agent. Photochem Photobiol2009; 85: 1314–1321.
20.
GrahamDRStathamKW. The photochemical oxidation of wool in the presence of fluorescent compounds. Color Technol1956; 72: 434–438.
21.
LeaverIHRamsayGC. Sensitized photo-oxidation of wool and silk by a triazinylstilbene. Photochem Photobiol1969; 9: 531–536.
22.
MillingtonKRMaurdevG. The generation of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide by exposure of fluorescent whitening agents to UVA radiation and its relevance to the rapid photoyellowing of whitened wool. J Photoch Photobio A2004; 165: 177–185.
23.
SeiberRPNeedlesHL. The effect of wool on the photolysis of a model stilbene fluorescent brightener. Textil Res J1972; 42: 261–262.
24.
KikuchiYOkamotoHAralT. Effects of solvents and substituents controlling the adiabatic or diabatic modes of the cis→trans isomerization of styrylpyrenes in the excited singlet state. Chem Phys Lett1994; 229: 564–570.
25.
RafiqSSenP. Dielectric controlled excited state relaxation pathways of a representative push-pull stilbene: a mechanistic study using femtosecond fluorescence up-conversion technique. J Chem Phys. Epub ahead of print 28 February 2013. DOI: 10.1063/1.4792933.
26.
LeonardJDJrGustafsonTL. The 211 nm excited resonance Raman spectra of trans-stilbene and related molecules. J Mol Struct1996; 379: 109–120.
27.
SummerMHKwameOAlbertJF. Anodic oxidation of stilbene bearing electron-withdrawing ring substituents. Electrochim Acta2003; 48: 1837–1844.
28.
GertzL. Stilbenes: applications in chemistry, life sciences and materials science, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA., Weinheim, Germany, 2010, pp. 45–50.
29.
Wong-Wah-ChungPMailhotGBolteM. 4,4′-diaminostilbene-2,2′-disulfonate (DSD) behaviour: under irradiation in water. J Photochem Photobiol A2001; 138: 275–280.
30.
CsepregiZAranyosiPRusznakI. The light stability of azo dyes and azo dyeings II. Perspiration-light stability of dyeings with reactive and non-reactive derivatives, respectively, of two selected azochromophores. Dyes Pigments1998; 37: 15–31.
31.
LiHYXiongZDDaiXB. The effect of perspiration on photo-induced chemical reaction of azo dyes and the determination of aromatic amine products. Dyes Pigments2012; 94: 55–59.
HuberGMitzelNWSchierA. The molecular structures of triaminosilanes. Eur J Inorg Chem1997; 130: 1159–1166.
34.
VallejosMMLamsabhiAMPeruchenaNM. Microsolvation of morpholine, a bidentate base-the importance of cooperativity. J Phys Org Chem2012; 25: 1380–1390.
35.
ZhuangDHZhangLYPanDW. Fading of reactive dyes on cellulose under light and perspiration. Color Technol2007; 123: 80–85.
36.
ZhaoYJKhodorkovskyVCohenJ. UV-visible absorption and fluorescence studies of 4,4′-diamino-transstilbene and its protonated species. J Photochem Photobiol A1996; 99: 23–28.
37.
StanevaDBetchevaRChovelonJM. Fluorescent benzo[de]anthracen-7-one pH-sensor in aqueous solution and immobilized on viscose fabrics. J Photochem Photobiol A2006; 183: 159–164.
38.
DerinkuyuSErtekinKOterO. Emission based fiber optic pH sensing with Schiff bases bearing dimethylamino groups. Dyes Pigments2008; 76: 133–141.
39.
AranyosiPCzilikMRemiE. The light stability of azo dyes and azo dyeings IV. Kinetic studies on the role of dissolved oxygen in the photofading of two heterobifunctional azo reactive dyes in aqueous solution. Dyes Pigments1999; 43: 173–182.
40.
MillingtonKR. Photoyellowing of wool. Part 2: photoyellowing mechanisms and methods of prevention. Color Technol2006; 122: 301–316.
41.
IkunoHOkuniMKomakiM. Photofading behavior of triazinylaminostilbene fluorescent brightener in cellophane. Textil Res J1996; 66: 464–470.
