Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

The purpose of this exploratory study was to develop a preliminary understanding of the influence of state-level contextual factors predictive of employment outcomes for the U.S. State/Federal Vocational Rehabilitation System (State VR) participants with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Participants were 5,213 individuals with TBI with Individualized Plans for Employment closed during federal Fiscal Year 2016. A four-step hierarchical logistic regression model (5.6% explained variance) containing five demographic, three state-level economic, six state TBI service climate, and nine State VR service variable expenditures correctly classified 57.0% of cases as attaining or not attaining an employment outcome at closure. Significant predictors associated with an employment closure were (a) education, veteran status, and presence of a secondary area of disability impairment; (b) state-level per-capita income; (c) State VR specialized acquired brain injury (ABI)/TBI service and state TBI Implementation Partnership grant funding; and (d) State VR service expenditures on diagnosis and treatment, occupational or vocational training, on-the-job training, job readiness training, transportation, maintenance support, and benefits counseling. The practice, policy, and research implications of these findings are presented.

Keywords

brain injury counseling career/vocational public policy rehabilitation counseling process or strategies

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Administration for Community Living. (2020). Traumatic Brain Injury State Partnership Program state funding opportunity. https://acl.gov/grants/traumatic-brain-injury-state-partnership-program-partner-state-funding-opportunity-1

Ahonle

Z. J.

Barnes

Romero

Sorrells

A. M.

Brooks

G. I.

(2020). State-federal vocational rehabilitation in traumatic brain injury: What predictors are associated with employment outcomes? Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 63(3), 143–155.

Baldassarre

Smith

Harp

Herrold

High

W. M.

Jr Babcock-Parziale

Pape

T. L. B.

(2015). Exploring the relationship between mild traumatic brain injury exposure and the presence and severity of postconcussive symptoms among veterans deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan. PM&R, 7(8), 845–858.

Bauer

Breitwiser

R. N.

Shambaugh

(2018). Where work pays: How does where live matter for your earnings? Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/research/where-work-pays-how-does-where-you-live-matter-for-your-earnings/

Brain Injury Association of America. (2017). State affiliates. http://www.biausa.org/state-affiliates.htm

Brain Injury Association of America. (2021). Find BIA in your state. https://www.biausa.org/find-bia

Brain Injury Association of America Texas Division. (2019). Texas brain injury resource directory. https://www.biausa.org/wp-content/uploads/biaaTXdirectory19webnew-06.19.pdf

Cardoso

E. D.

Romero

M. G.

Chan

Dutta

Rahimi

(2007). Disparities in vocational rehabilitation services and outcomes for Hispanic clients with traumatic brain injury: Do they exist? The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 22(2), 85–94.

Catalano

Pereira

A. P.

M. Y.

Chan

(2006). Service patterns related to successful employment outcomes of persons with traumatic brain injury in vocational rehabilitation. NeuroRehabilitation, 21(4), 279–293.

10.

Center for Large Data Research & Data Sharing in Rehabilitation. (2018). Case service report (RSA-911). Cornell University. https://www.disabilitystatistics.org/sources-profile.cfm?ID=68

11.

Chan

Wang

C. C.

Fitzgerald

Muller

Ditchman

Menz

(2016). Personal, environmental, and service-delivery determinants of employment quality for state vocational rehabilitation consumers: A multilevel analysis. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 45(1), 5–18.

12.

Chan

J. Y.

Wang

C. C.

Ditchman

Kim

J. H.

Pete

Chan

Dries

(2014). State unemployment rates and vocational rehabilitation outcomes: A multilevel analysis. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 57(4), 209–218.

13.

Cuthbert

J. P.

Harrison-Felix

Corrigan

J. D.

Bell

J. M.

Haarbauer-Krupa

J. K.

Miller

A. C.

(2015). Unemployment in the United States after traumatic brain injury for working-age individuals: Prevalence and associated factors 2 years postinjury. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 30(3), 160–174. https://doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0000000000000090

14.

Degeneffe

C. E.

(2019). Understanding traumatic brain injury from a Gestalt approach. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 50(4), 252–267.

15.

Degeneffe

C. E.

Boot

Kuehne

Kuraishi

Maristela

F. D.

Noyes

. . . Wil

(2008). Community-based interventions for persons with traumatic brain injury: A primer for rehabilitation counselors. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 39(1), 42–52.

16.

Degeneffe

C. E.

Grenawalt

T. A.

(2018). Responding to an emerging need in rehabilitation counselor education: Development of a cognitive disabilities certificate program. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 49(1), 11–18.

17.

Degeneffe

C. E.

Lee

(2015). Brain injury and the family. A guide for rehabilitation counselors. In Millington

Marini

(Eds.), Families in rehabilitation counseling: A community-based rehabilitation approach (pp. 153–170). Springer.

18.

Degeneffe

C. E.

Tucker

(2014). Community-based support and unmet needs among families of persons with brain injuries: A mixed methods study with the Brain Injury Association of America state affiliates. In Wadsworth

S. M.

Riggs

D. S.

(Eds.), Military deployment and its consequences for families (pp. 293–313). Springer .

19.

Degeneffe

C. E.

Tucker

Ahonle

Z. J.

(2020). State-level differences in public vocational rehabilitation closures among transition-aged youth with traumatic brain injury. The Australian Journal of Rehabilitation Counselling, 26(2), 136–142.

20.

Ditchman

Chan

Fitzgerald

Lin

(2014). Vocational rehabilitation. In Strauser

(Ed.), Career development, employment, and disability in rehabilitation: From theory to practice (pp. 343–360). Springer.

21.

Friedman

VanPuymbrouck

(2018). Community-based services for people with brain injury: A national analysis. Rehabilitation Research, Policy, and Education, 32(2), 123–138.

22.

Gamble

Moore

C. L.

(2003). The relation between VR services and employment outcomes of individuals with traumatic Brain Injury. Journal of Rehabilitation, 69(3), 31–38.

23.

Hammond

F. M.

Malec

J. F.

(2010). The Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems: A longitudinal database, research, collaboration and knowledge translation. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 46(4), 545–548.

24.

Hosmer

D. W.

Lemeshow

(2000). Applied logistic regression. Wiley Publishing.

25.

Human Resources and Services Administration. (2021). Traumatic Brain Injury Implementation (H21) Grants Fiscal Year 2013. https://data.hrsa.gov/tools/find-grants?program=Maternal%20and%20Child%20Health&programName=Traumatic%20Brain%20Injury%20Implementation%20(H21)&fiscalYear=FY%202013

26.

Johnstone

Price

Bounds

Schopp

L. H.

Schootman

Schumate

(2003). Rural/urban differences in vocational outcomes for state vocational rehabilitation clients with TBI. NeuroRehabilitation, 18(3), 197–203.

27.

Kisser

Waldstein

S. R.

Evans

M. K.

Zonderman

A. B.

(2017). Lifetime prevalence of traumatic brain injury in a demographically diverse community sample. Brain Injury, 31(5), 620–623.

28.

Levack

McPherson

McNaughton

(2004). Success in the workplace following traumatic brain injury: Are we evaluating what is most important? Disability and Rehabilitation, 26, 290–298.

29.

Lewis

F. D.

Horn

G. J.

(2013). Traumatic brain injury: Analysis of functional deficits and posthospital rehabilitation outcomes. Journal of Special Operations Medicine, 13(3), 56–61.

30.

Mayo Clinic. (2021). Traumatic brain injury. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/traumatic-brain-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20378557

31.

Mertler

C. A.

Vannatta

R. A.

(2005). Advanced and multivariate statistical methods: Practical application and interpretation (3rd ed.). Pyrczak.

32.

Musca

S. C.

Kamiejski

Nugier

Méot

Er-Rafiy

Brauer

(2011). Data with hierarchical structure: Impact of intraclass correlation and sample size on type-I error. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, Article 74.

33.

National Archives. (2019). Applications for new awards; rehabilitation training: Rehabilitation long-term training program-vocational rehabilitation counseling and rehabilitation training: Rehabilitation long-term training program-Rehabilitation speciality areas. Federal Register. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/07/05/2019-14371/applications-for-new-awards-rehabilitation-training-rehabilitation-long-term-training

34.

National Association of State Head Injury Administrators. (2014). TBI/ABI trust fund programs: Overview and trends.

35.

National Data and Statistical Center. (2016). National database: 2016 profile of people within the Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems. Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems. https://www.rehabilomics.pitt.edu/wordDocs/TBIMS_NationalDB_update.pdf

36.

Olney

M. F.

Lyle

(2011). The benefits trap: Barriers to employment experienced by SSA beneficiaries. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 54(4), 197–209.

37.

Payne

Hawley

Ketchum

J. M.

Philippus

Eagye

C. B.

Morey

. . . Diener

(2018). Psychological well-being in individuals living in the community with traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 32(8), 980–985.

38.

Peterson

E. W. F.

(2017). The role of population in economic growth. Sage Open, 7(4), 2158244017736094.

39.

Rehabilitation Services Administration. (2016). Reporting manual for the case service report (RSA-911). State vocational rehabilitation services and state supported employments programs (OMB Control Number: 1820-0508). U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services.

40.

Rehabilitation Services Administration. (n.d.). Regulations. U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services. https://rsa.ed.gov/wioa-resources/regulations

41.

Rumrill

Wehman

Cimera

Kaya

Dillard

Chan

(2016). Vocational rehabilitation services and outcomes for transition-age youth with traumatic brain injuries. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 31(4), 288–295.

42.

Selassie

A. W.

Zaloshnja

Langlois

J. A.

Miller

Jones

Steiner

(2008). Incidence of long-term disability following traumatic brain injury hospitalization, United States, 2003. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 23(2), 123–131.

43.

Spearman

Jacobs

Witt

(2017). Traumatic brain injury in Idaho needs and resources assessment final report. Institute of Rural Health, Idaho State University.

44.

SPSS Statistics. (2021). CRITERIA Subcommand (LOGISTIC REGRESSION command). IBM. https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/spss-statistics/23.0.0?topic=regression-criteria-subcommand-logistic-command

45.

Stoltzfus

J. C.

(2011). Logistic regression: A brief primer. Academic Emergency Medicine, 18(10), 1099–1104.

46.

Stubbs

J. L.

Thornton

A. E.

Sevick

J. M.

Silverberg

N. D.

Barr

A. M.

Honer

W. G.

Panenka

W. J.

(2020). Traumatic brain injury in homeless and marginally housed individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 5(1), e19–e32.

47.

Tabachnick

B. G.

Fidell

L. S.

(2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Allyn & Bacon.

48.

Tucker

M. S.

Degeneffe

C. E.

(2017). Predictors of employment following postsecondary education for vocational rehabilitation participants with traumatic brain injury. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 60(4), 215–226.

49.

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2015). How the government measures unemployment. https://www.bls.gov/cps/cps_htgm.htm

50.

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2020). Local area unemployment statistics: Unemployment rates for states, 2016 annual averages. https://www.bls.gov/lau/lastrk16.htm

51.

United States Census Bureau. (2019). Table 1: Annual estimates of the resident population for the United States, regions, states, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2019 (NST-EST2019-01). https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-national-total.html

52.

United States Census Bureau. (n.d.). Median household income (in 2018 dollars). https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/geo/chart/US/INC110218

53.

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). TBI: Get the facts. https://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/get_the_facts.html

The Influence of State-Level Contextual Factors on State/Federal System Vocational Rehabilitation Employment Outcomes for Persons With Traumatic Brain Injury

Abstract

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References