ADHD is a brain development disorder that typically starts in early childhood, making it difficult for children to function effectively in daily life. The course of ADHD is negatively influenced by a dysfunctional family environment. Since ADHD affects development early on, involving parents in treatment is crucial for helping children with this condition. This study aims to explore how a group program designed to help families function better can improve the lives of children with ADHD and their parents. The correlational, causal-comparative, and quasi-experimental designs were utilized within the quantitative research approach in this study. The sample comprised 181 participants who have children with ADHD (Female = 131, Male = 48, Unspecified = 2). The Family Assessment Device, the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, and the Demographic Information Form were used to gather data. Experimental (7 couples) and control (7 couples) groups were formed for application of the research. A weekly intervention program designed to improve family functioning was applied to the experimental group. Both the group receiving the intervention program and a control group underwent assessments of family functioning at three points: before (pretest), after (posttest), and again later (follow-up). The results suggest that the group intervention program increased the scores for the family functioning. Moreover, the study revealed that this program indirectly improved children’s quality of life. This finding suggests that parents who have a better family functioning are better at dealing with the challenges brought on by their children’s ADHD symptoms. Accordingly, it is recommended that professionals should consider working with families as well as children with ADHD.
AghebatiA.GharraeeB.ShoshtariM. H.GohariM. R. (2014). Triple p-positive parenting program for mothers of ADHD children. Iranian journal of psychiatry and behavioral sciences, 8(1), 59–65.
2.
Amerikan Psikiyatri Birligi [APA]. (2013). Mental bozuklukların tanısal ve sayımsal el kitabı (5. bs.). (CevE. Koroglu. Ed.) Hekimler Yayın Birligi.
3.
AvciH. (2019). Dikkat eksikligi ve hiperaktivite bozuklugunda aile egitimi. In SebnemA.AcarS. (Ed.), Dikkat eksikligi ve hiperaktivite bozuklugu icinde (s. 661-672). Nobel Yayincilik.
4.
BarkleyR. A. (2006). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.
5.
BarkleyR. A.RobinA. L. (2014). Defiant teens: A clinician's manual for assessment and family intervention. Guilford Publications.
6.
BarlowJ.SmailagicN.HubandN.RoloffV.BennettC. (2012). Group‐based parent training programmes for improving parental psychosocial health. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 8(1), CD002020–CD002197. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002020.pub3
7.
BastiaensL. (2008). Both atomoxetine and stimulants improve quality of life in an ADHD population treated in a community clinic. Psychiatric Quarterly, 79(2), 133–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-008-9070-6
8.
BorW.SandersM. R.Markie-DaddsC. (2002). The effects of the triple p-positive parenting program on preschool children with co-occurring disruptive behavior and attentional/hyperactive difficulties. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30(6), 571–587. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1020807613155
9.
BrownR. T.PerwienA.FariesD. E.KratochvilC. J.VaughanB. S. (2006). Atomoxetine in the management of children with ADHD: Effects on quality of life and school functioning. Clinical Pediatrics, 45(9), 819–827. https://doi.org/10.1177/0009922806294219
10.
BulutI. (1993). Ruh hastaliginin aile islevlerine etkisi. Basbakanlik Kadin ve Sosyal Hizmet Mustesarligi Yayinlari.
11.
CappeE.BolducM.RougéM. C.SaiagM. C.DelormeR. (2017). Quality of life, psychological characteristics, and adjustment in parents of children with attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder. Quality of Life Research, 26(5), 1283–1294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-016-1446-8
12.
CasasF.BelloA.GonzálezM.AliguéM. (2013). Children’s subjective well-being measured using a composite index: What impacts Spanish first-year secondary education students’ subjective well-being?Child Indicators Research, 6(3), 433–460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-013-9182-x
13.
Castro-SatarayO.Castro CastañedaR. (2020). Individual and social variables that explain family functionality in adolescents. Dilemas contemporáneos: Educación, política y valores, 8(spe5), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.46377/dilemas.v8i.2503
14.
Catalá-LópezF.HuttonB.Núñez-BeltránA.PageM. J.RidaoM.Macías Saint-GeronsD.CataláM. A.Tabarés-SeisdedosR.MoherD. (2017). The pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: A systematic review with network meta-analyses of randomised trials. PLoS One, 12(7), Article e0180355. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180355
15.
CelebiF.UnalD. (2019). Evaluation of ADHD related quality of life in a clinical sample of children and adolescents. Zeynep Kamil Medical Journal, 50(2), 35–38. https://doi.org/10.16948/zktipb.495103
16.
ChronisA. M.ChackoA.FabianoG. A.WymbsB. T.PelhamW. E. (2004). Enhancements to the behavioral parent training paradigm for families of children with ADHD: Review and future directions. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 7(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:ccfp.0000020190.60808.a4
17.
ChronisA. M.JonesH. A.RaggiV. L. (2006). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(4), 486–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.01.002
18.
CoghillD.SoutulloC.D'AubuissonC.PreusU.LindbackT.SilverbackM.BuitelaarJ. (2008). Impact of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder on the patient and family: Results from a European survey. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 2(1), 31. https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-2000-2-31
19.
CreswellJ. W. (2017). Egitim arastirmalari: Nicel ve nitel arastirmanin planlanmasi, yurutulmesi ve degerlendirilmesi. EDAM.
20.
DahlV.RamakrishnanA.SpearsA. P.JorgeA.LuJ.BigioN. A.ChackoA. (2020). Psychoeducation interventions for parents and teachers of children and adolescents with ADHD: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 32(2), 257–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-019-09691-3
DaleyD.OordS. V. D.FerrinM.DanckaertsM.DoepfnerM.CorteseS.Sonuga-BarkeE. J. (2014). Behavioral interventions in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials across multiple outcome domains. Journal of American Academic Child Adolescence Psychiatry, 53(8), 835–847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2014.05.013
23.
DaleyD.Van Der OordS.FerrinM.CorteseS.DanckaertsM.DoepfnerM.Van den HoofdakkerB. J.CoghillD.ThompsonM.AshersonP.BanaschewskiT.BrandeisD.BuitelaarJ.DittmannR. W.HollisC.HoltmannM.KonofalE.LecendreuxM.RothenbergerA.Sonuga-BarkeE. J. (2017). Practitioner Review: Current best practice in the use of parent training and other behavioural interventions in the treatment of children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59(9), 932–947. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12825
24.
DanckaertsM.Sonuga-BarkeE. J.BanaschewskiT.BuitelaarJ.DöpfnerM.HollisC.SantoshP.RothenbergerA.SergeantJ.SteinhausenH. C.TaylorE.ZuddasA.CoghillD. (2010). The quality of life of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 19(2), 83–105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-009-0046-3
25.
DinismanT.AndresenS.MontserratC.StrózikD.StrózikT. (2017). Family structure and family relationship from the child well-being perspective: Findings from comparative analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 80(1), 105–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.06.064
26.
DrotarD.BonnerM. S. (2009). Influences on adherence to pediatric asthma treatment: A review of correlates and predictors. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 30(6), 574–582. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e3181c3c3bb
27.
DuPaulG. J.LangbergJ. M. (2014). Educational impairments in children with ADHD. In BarkleyR. A. (Ed.), Attention-deficit hyperactivity: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (4th ed.). Guilford Press.
28.
Durukanİ.ErdemM.TufanA. E.CongologluA.YorbikO.TurkbayT. (2008). DEHB olan cocuklarin annelerinde depresyon ve anksiyete duzeyleri ile kullanilan basa cikma yontemleri: Bir on calisma. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 9(4), 217–223.
29.
EdwardsG.BarkleyR. A.LaneriM.FletcherK.MeteviaL. (2001). Parentadolescent conflict in teenagers with ADHD and ODD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29(6), 557–572. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1012285326937
30.
EkşiH.KahramanZ. (2012). Bir evlilik ve aile hayatı programının evli kadınlarda evlilik uyumu ve aile sistemine etkisi. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 36(1), 129–145.
31.
EllisB.NiggJ. N. (2009). Parenting practices and attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: New findings suggest partial specificity of effects. Journal of American Academic Child Adolescence Psychiatry, 48(2), 146–154. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e31819176d0
32.
EnnsJ. E.RandallJ. R.SmithM.ChateauD.TaylorC.BrownellM.BoltonJ. M.BurlandE.KatzA.KatzL. Y.NickelN. C. (2017). A multimodal intervention for children with ADHD reduces inequity in health and education outcomes. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 62(6), 403–412. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743717692301
ErcanE. S.AydınC. (2006). Dikkat eksikligi hiperaktivite bozuklugu. Gentas Kultur.
35.
ErskineH. E.MoffittT. E.CopelandW. E.CostelloE. J.FerrariA. J.PattonG.DegenhardtL.VosT.WhitefordH. A.ScottJ. G. (2015). A heavy burden on young minds: The global burden of mental and substance use disorders in children and youth. Psychological Science, 45(7), 1551–1563. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714002888
36.
FabianoG. A.PelhamW. E.Jr.ColesE. K.GnagyE. M.Chronis-TuscanoA.O’ConnorB. C. (2009). A meta-analysis of behavioral treatments for attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(2), 129–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2008.11.001
37.
FeinbergM. E.KanM. L. (2008). Establishing family foundations: Intervention effects on coparenting, parent/infant well-being, and parent-child relations. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(2), 253–263. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.22.2.253
38.
FerrinM.Moreno-GranadosJ. M.Salcedo-MarinM. D.Ruiz-VeguillaM.Perez-AyalaV.TaylorE. (2014). Evaluation of a psychoeducation programme for parents of children and adolescents with ADHD: Immediate and long-term effects using a blind randomized controlled trial. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 23(8), 637–647. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-013-0494-7
39.
FischerM. (1990). Parenting stress and the child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19(4), 337–346. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp1904_5
40.
GerdesA. C.HozaB.ArnoldL. E.PelhamW. E.SwansonJ. M.WigalT.JensenP. S. (2007). Maternal depressive symptomatology and parenting behavior: Exploration of possible mediators. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35(5), 705–714. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-007-9134-3
41.
GokcenC.OzatalayE.FettahogluE. C. (2011). Dikkat eksikligi hiperaktivite bozuklugu olan cocuklarin anne babalarinda psikolojik belirtiler ve aile islevselligi. Cocuk ve Genclik Ruh Sagligi Dergisi, 18(1), 95–104.
GroenmanA. P.HornstraR.HoekstraP. J.SteenhuisL.AghebatiA.BoyerB. E.BuitelaarJ. K.Chronis-TuscanoA.DaleyD.DehkordianP.DvorskyM.FrankeN.DuPaulG. J.GershyN.HarveyE.HennigT.HerbertS.LangbergJ.MautoneJ. A.van den HoofdakkerB. J. (2022). An individual participant data meta-analysis: Behavioral treatments for children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 61(2), 144–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2021.02.024
44.
GuneyE.Senses DincG.İseriE.GuzelH. S.YalcinÖ.SenerS. (2013). Dikkat eksikligi hiperaktivite bozuklugu olan ergen ve genc eriskinlerin mizac ve karakter ozellikleri. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry/Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 14(4), 362–368. https://doi.org/10.5455/apd.40631
45.
HahlwegK.RichterD. (2010). Prevention of marital instability and distress. Results of an 11-year longitudinal follow-up study. Behavior Research and Therapy, 48(5), 377–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2009.12.010
46.
HechtmanL.AbikoffH.KleinR. G.WeissG.RespitzC.KouriJ.BlumC.GreenfieldB.EtcovitchJ.FleissK.PollackS.Author (2004). Academic achievement and emotional status of children with ADHD treated with long-term methylphenidate and multimodal psychosocial treatment. Journal of American Academic Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(7), 812–819. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000128796.84202.eb
47.
ImrenS. G.ArmanA. R.GumustasF.YulafY.CakiciO. (2013). Karsit olma karsit gelme bozuklugu ve/veya davranim bozuklugu eshastalanimi olan ve olmayan DEHB tanili cocuk ve ergenlerde aile islevselliginin degerlendirilmesi. Cukurova Universitesi Tip Fakultesi Dergisi, 38(1), 22–30.
48.
JacksonA. C.LiangR. P.FrydenbergE.HigginsR. O.MurphyB. M. (2016). Parent education programmes for special health care needs children: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 25(11-12), 1528–1547. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.13178
49.
JohnstonC.MashE. J. (2001). Families of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Review and recommendations for future research. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 4(3), 183–207. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1017592030434
50.
KayaalpL. (2008). Dikkat eksikligi hiperaktivite bozuklugu. Sürekli Tip Egitimi Etkinlikleri Sempozyum Dizisi, 62(1), 147–152.
51.
KepleyH. O.OstranderR. (2007). Family characteristics of anxious ADHD children: Preliminary results. Journal of Attention Disorders, 10(3), 317–323. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054706288102
52.
KilicB. G.SenerS. (2005). Dikkat eksikligi hiperaktivite bozuklugu olan cocuklarda karsit olma karsi gelme bozuklugu/davranis bozuklugu es hastalaniminda aile islevleri ve psikososyal degiskenlerin karsilastirilmasi. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 16(1), 21–28.
53.
KlassenA. F.MillerA.FineS. (2004). Health-related quality of life in children and adolescents who have a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics, 114(5), 541–547. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2004-0844
54.
KnoppK.RhoadesG. K.AllenE. S.ParsonsA.RitchieL. L.MarkmanH. J.StanleyS. M. (2017). Within- and between-family associations of marital functioning and child wellbeing. Journal of Marriage and Family, 79(2), 451–461. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12373
55.
KoertingJ.SmithE.KnowlesM. M.LatterS.ElseyH.McCannD. C.ThompsonM.Sonuga-BarkeE. J. (2013). Barriers to, and facilitators of, parenting programmes for childhood behaviour problems: A qualitative synthesis of studies of parents’ and professionals’ perceptions. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 22(11), 653–670. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-013-0401-2
56.
KosherH.Ben-AriehA. (2017). What children think about their rights and their well-being: A crossnational comparison. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 87(3), 256–273. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000222
57.
LawlerM. J.NewlandL. A.GigerJ. T.RohS.BrockeveltB. L. (2017). Ecological, relationship-based model of children’s subjective well-being: Perspectives of 10-year-old children in the United States and 10 other countries. Child Indicators Research, 10(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-016-9376-0
58.
LeechN. L.BarrettK. C.MorganG. A. (2005). SPSS for intermediate statistics: Use and interpretation. Psychology Press.
59.
LeemanJ.CrandellJ. L.LeeA.BaiJ.SandelowskiM.KnaflK. (2016). Family functioning and the well-being of children with chronic conditions: A meta-analysis. Research in Nursing & Health, 39(4), 229–243. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.21725
60.
LeungC.SandersM. R.LeungS.MakR.LauJ. (2003). An outcome evaluation of the implementation of the triple p positive parenting program in Hong Kong. Family Process, 42(4), 531–544. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2003.00531.x
61.
LewandowskiA. S.PalermoT. M.StinsonJ.HandleyS.ChambersC. T. (2010). Systematic review of family functioning in families of children and adolescents with chronic pain. The Journal of Pain, 11(1), 1027–1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2010.04.005
62.
LimbersC. A.Ripperger-SuhlerJ.HefferR. W.VarniJ. W. (2011). Patient-reported Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ 4.0 Generic Core Scales in pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid psychiatric disorders: Feasibility, reliability, and validity. Value in Health: The Journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research, 14(4), 521–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2010.10.031
63.
MalouffJ. M.ThorsteinssonE. B.SchutteN. S. (2007). The efficacy of problem solving therapy in reducing mental and physical health problems: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(1), 46–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2005.12.005
64.
MarquesJ. C. B.OliveiraJ. A.GoulardinsJ. B.NascimentoR. O.LimaA. M. V.CasellaE. B. (2013). Comparison of child self-reports and parent proxy-reports on quality of life of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 11(1), 186–187. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-11-186
65.
MashE. J.JohnstonC. (1983). Parental perceptions of child behavior problems, parenting selfesteem, and mothers' reported stress in younger and older hyperactive and normal children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51(1), 86–99. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.51.1.86
66.
MattosP.LouzãM. R.PalminiA. L. F.de OliveiraI. R.RochaF. L. (2013). A multicenter, open-label trial to evaluate the quality of life in adults with adhd treated with long-acting methylphenidate (OROS MPH) Concerta Quality of Life (Conqol) Study. Journal of Attention Disorders, 17(5), 444–448. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054711434772
67.
MatzaL. S.StoecklM. N.ShorrJ. M.JohnstonJ. A. (2006). Impact of atomoxetine on healthrelated quality of life and functional status in patients with ADHD. Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research, 6(4), 379–390. https://doi.org/10.1586/14737167.6.4.379
68.
MemikN. C.AgaogluB.CoskunA.UneriO. S.KarakayaI. (2007). Cocuklar için yasam kalitesi ölceginin 13-18 yas ergen formunun gecerlik ve guvenilirligi. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 18(4), 353–363.
69.
MiglioriniL.RaniaN.TassaraT. (2016). An ecological perspective on early years workforce competences in Italian ECEC settings. Early Years, 36(2), 165–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/09575146.2015.1115389
70.
MillerC. J.BrookerB. (2017). Mindfulness programming for parents and teachers of children with ADHD. Klinik Uygulamada Tamamlayici Tedaviler, 28(1), 108–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2017.05.015
71.
MillerI. W.RyanC. E.KeitnerG. I.BishopD. S.EpsteinN. B. (2000). The McMaster approach to families: Theory, assessment, treatment and research. Journal of Family Therapy, 22(2), 168–189. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.00145
72.
MoenØ. L.Hall-LordM. L. (2019). Adolescents' mental health, help seeking and service use and parents' perception of family functioning. Nordic Journal of Nursing Research, 39(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/2057158518764036
73.
MolinaB. S.HinshawS. P.SwansonJ. M.ArnoldL. E.VitielloB.JensenP. S.EpsteinJ. N.HozaB.HechtmanL.AbikoffH. B.ElliottG. R.GreenhillL. L.NewcornJ. H.WellsK. C.WigalT.GibbonsR. D.HurK.HoouckP. R.MTA Cooperative Group. (2009). The MTA at 8 years: Prospective follow-up of children treated for combinedtype ADHD in a multisite study. Journal of American Academic Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(5), 484–500. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e31819c23d0
74.
MontoyaA.ColomF.FerrinM. (2011). Is psychoeducation for parents and teachers of children and adolescents with ADHD efficacious? A systematic literature review. European Psychiatry, 26(3), 166–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.10.005
75.
MundalI.GråweR. W.HafstadH.De las CuevasC.Lara-CabreraM. L. (2020). Protocol: Effects of a peer co-facilitated educational programme for parents of children with ADHD: A feasibility randomised controlled trial protocol. BMJ Open, 10(12), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039852
76.
NavarroD.MontserratC.MaloS.GonzálezM.CasasF.CrousG. (2017). Subjective wellbeing: What do adolescents say?Child & Family Social Work, 22(1), 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12215
77.
NuriC.AkcameteG. A.DirektorC. (2019). A combined model study: The needs of parents of children with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADHD) in parent education. International Electronic Journal of Environmental Education, 12(1), 19–26. https://doi.org/10.26822/iejee.2019155333
78.
OriolX.TorresJ.MirandaR.BilbaoM.OrtúzarH. (2017). Comparing family, friends and satisfaction with school experience as predictors of SWB in children who have and have not made the transition to middle school in different countries. Children and Youth Services Review, 80(1), 149–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.06.053
79.
PattersonG. R.DeBarysheB. D.RamseyE. (1989). A developmental perspective on antisocial behavior. American Psychologist, 44(2), 329–335. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.44.2.329
PelhamW. E.LangA. R.AtkesonB.MurphyD. A.GnagyE. M.GreinerA. R.Vodde-HamiltonM.GreensladeK. E. (1998). Effects of deviant child behavior on parental alcohol consumption stress-induced drinking in parents of ADHD children. American Journal on Addictions, 7(2), 103–114.
82.
PerwienA. R.KratochvilC. J.FariesD. E.VaughanB. S.SpencerT.BrownR. T. (2006). Atomoxetine treatment in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity 168 disorder: What are the long-term health-related quality-of-life outcomes?Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 16(6), 713–724. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2006.16.713
83.
PihetS.BodenmannG.CinaA.WidmerK.ShantinathS. (2007). Can prevention of marital distress improve well-bsaeing? A 1 year longitudinal study. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 14(2), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.522
84.
PrasadS.HarpinV.PooleL.ZeitlinH.JamdarS.PuvanendranK.SUNBEAM Study Group. (2007). A multi-centre, randomised, openlabel study of atomoxetine compared with standard current therapy in UK children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Current Medical Research and Opinion, 23(2), 379–394. https://doi.org/10.1185/030079906X167309
85.
RuegerS. Y.KatzR. L.RisserH. J.LovejoyM. C. (2011). Relations between parental affect and parenting behaviors: A meta-analytic review. Parenting: Science and Practice, 11(1), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2011.539503
86.
SandersM. R.Markie-DaddsC.TurnerK. M. T. (2003). Theoretical, scientific and clinical foundations of the triple p- positive parenting program: A population approach to the promotion of parenting competence. Parent Research and Practice Monograph, 1(1), 1–21.
87.
SandersM. R.TurnerK. M.Markie-DaddsC. (2002). The development and dissemination of the triple P—positive parenting program: A multilevel, evidence-based system of parenting and family support. Prevention Science, 3(1), 173–189. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1019942516231
88.
SawyerM. G.WhaitesL.ReyJ. M.HazellP. L.GraetzB. W.BaghurstP. (2002). Healthrelated quality of life of children and adolescents with mental disorders. Journal of American Academic Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(5), 530–537. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200205000-00010
89.
ScahillL.Schwab-StoneM.MerikangasK. R.LeckmanJ. F.ZhangH.KaslS. (1999). Psychosocial and clinical correlates of ADHD in a community sample of school-age children. Journal of American Academic Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 38(8), 976–984. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199908000-00013
90.
Sonuga-BarkeE. J.BartonJ.DaleyD.HutchingsJ.MaishmanT.RafteryJ.StantonL.Laver-BradburyC.ChorozoglouM.CoghillD.LittleL.RuddockM.RadfordM.YaoG. L.LeeL.GouldL.ShipwayL.MarkomichaliP.McGuirkJ.ThompsonM. J. (2018). A comparison of the clinical effectiveness and cost of specialised individually delivered parent training for preschool attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and a generic, group-based programme: A multi-centre, randomised controlled trial of the new forest parenting programme versus incredible years. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 27(6), 797–809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-017-1054-3
91.
Sonuga-BarkeE. J. S.BrandeisD.CorteseS.DaleyD.FerrinM.HoltmannM.StevensonJ.DanckaertsM.van der OordS.DöpfnerM.DittmannR. W.SimonoffE.ZuddasA.BanaschewskiT.BuitelaarJ.CoghillD.HollisC.KonofalE.LecendreuxM.European ADHD Guidelines Group. (2013). Nonpharmacological interventions for ADHD: Systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of dietary and psychological treatments. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(3), 275–289. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12070991
92.
Sonuga‐BarkeE. J. S.ThompsonM.DaleyD.Laver‐BradburyC. (2004). Parent training for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Is it as effective when delivered as routine rather than as specialist care?British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43(4), 449–457. https://doi.org/10.1348/0144665042388973
93.
SoysalA. S.YildirimA.AcarA.KaratekeB.KilicK. M. (2013). Dikkat eksikligi hiperaktivite bozuklugu alt tiplerinin aile islevleri üzerindeki etkisi. Düşünen Adam: The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 26(1), 286–294. https://doi.org/10.5350/DAJPN2013260308
94.
SvanborgP.ThernlundG.GustafssonP. A.HägglöfB.SchachtA.KadesjöB. (2009). Atomoxetine improves patient and family coping in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in Swedish children and adolescents. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 18(12), 725–735. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-009-0031-x
95.
TabachnickB. G.FidellS. A. (2006). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
96.
TarverJ.DaleyD.SayalK. (2015). Beyond symptom control for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): What can parents do to improve outcomes?Child: Care, Health and Development, 41(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12159
97.
ThompsonM. J.BrookeX. M.WestC. A.JohnsonH. R.BumbyE. J.BrodrickP.PepeG.Laver-BradburyC.ScottN. (2004). Profiles, co-morbidity and their relationship to treatment of 191 children with AD/HD and their families. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 13(4), 234–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-004-0380-4
98.
TopolskiT. D.EdwardsT. C.PatrickD. L.VarleyP.WayM. E.BueschingD. P. (2004). Quality of life of adolescent males with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Attention Disordesrs, 7(3), 163–173. https://doi.org/10.1177/108705470400700304
99.
TreacyL.TrippG.BairdA. (2005). Parent stress management training for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Behavior Therapy, 36(3), 223–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80071-1
100.
TumerT.Cihangir-CankayaZ. (2020). 9-11 yas arasi cocuklarin yasam kalitesi: Aile islevselligi ve demografik degiskenler. Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction, 10(3), 697–724.
101.
TuranB. (2018). Dikkat eksikligi ve hiperaktivite bozuklugu olan 6-11 yas cocuklarda parents plus chıldren’s ebeveynlik programinin etkinliginin incelenmesi (Yayinlanmamis uzmanlik tezi). Ataturk Universitesi.
102.
UneriO.MemikN. C. (2007). Cocuklarda yaşam kalitesi kavrami ve yasam kalitesi ölceklerinin gözden gecirilmesi. Cocuk ve Genclik Ruh Sagligi Dergisi, 14(1), 48–51.
103.
VarniJ. W.BurwinkleT. M. (2006). The PedsQL as a patientreported outcome in children and adolescents with AttentionDeficit/hyperactivity disorder: A population-based study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 4(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-4-26
104.
VarniJ. W.SeidM.KurtinP. S. (1999). Pediatric health-related quality of life measurement technology: A guide for health care decision makers. Journal of Clinical Outcomes Management, 6(1), 33–44.
105.
VitaleS. A. (2016). Parent recommendations for family functioning with prader–willi syndrome: A rare genetic cause of childhood obesity. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 31(1), 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2015.11.001
106.
WehmeierP. M.DittmannR. W.SchachtA.MinarzykA.LehmannM.SeveckeK.LehmkuhlG. (2007). Effectiveness of atomoxetine and quality of life in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder as perceived by patients, parents, and physicians in an open-label study. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 17(6), 813–830. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2007.0025
107.
WhalenC. K.HenkerB.JamnerL. D.IshikawaS. S.FloroJ. N.SwindleR.PerwienA. R.JohnstonJ. A. (2006). Toward mapping daily challenges of living with ADHD: Maternal and child perspectives using electronic diaries. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34(1), 115–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-005-9008-5
108.
YalomI. D. (2002). 10. Bölüm: Grubun yaratılması: Yer, zaman, Büyüklük, Hazırlama. Grup psikoterapisinin teori ve pratiği. Çevirmenler: Tangör A, Karaçam Ö. 3. baskı (pp. 345–348). Kabalcı Yayınevi.
109.
YangP.HsuH. Y.ChiouS. S.ChaoM. C. (2007). Health-related quality of life in methylphenidate-treated children with attention-deficit–hyperactivity disorder: Results from a Taiwanese sample. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 41(12), 998–1004. https://doi.org/10.1080/00048670701689451
