Intertemporal choice refers to the choice between receiving a small immediate reward or a large delayed one. Previous studies have indicated that time perception plays a critical role in the intertemporal choice, and it could be affected by the features of the target stimulus in the time reproduction task, such as speed of movement and state of motion. However, there is no evidence about whether backward or forward motion perception could alter the intertemporal choice. Thus, in our current study, 29 participants were asked to perform two tasks in a random order. One was the intertemporal choice task after viewing videos containing moving elements with forward/backward directions as well as stationary ones, and another was the time perception task. We found that the discounting rate in intertemporal choice was significantly larger in backward motion condition than in both forward motion and stationary conditions, indicating that backward motion perception made participants more myopic (specifically, more likely to choose the smaller immediate reward instead of the large delayed one) during their decision-makings. Meanwhile, participants overestimated the temporal duration in a time perception task in backward motion condition compared to the other two conditions. Furthermore, the Pearson’s correlation analysis showed that the changes of the intertemporal choice induced by backward motion perception could be associated with the altered time perception. As far as we know, we provide the first evidence on influence of motion perception on the intertemporal choice as well as its possible cognitive correlates, which extend previous studies on cognitive basis of the intertemporal choices.
AinslieG. (1975) Specious reward: A behavioral theory of impulsiveness and impulse control. Psychological Bulletin82(4): 463–496.
2.
AtanceC. M.O’NeillD. K. (2001) Episodic future thinking. Trends in Cognitive Sciences5(12): 533–539.
3.
BaumannA. A.OdumA. L. (2012) Impulsivity, risk taking, and timing. Behavioural Processes90(3): 408–414. doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2012.04.005.
4.
BonnotO.de MontalembertM.KermarrecS.BotbolM.WalterM.CoulonN. (2011) Are impairments of time perception in schizophrenia a neglected phenomenon?Journal of Physiology, Paris105(4–6): 164–169. doi:10.1016/j.jphysparis.2011.07.006.
5.
BradfordW. D. (2010) The association between individual time preferences and health maintenance habits. Medical Decision Making30(1): 99–112. doi:10.1177/0272989X09342276.
6.
BrownS. W. (1995) Time, change, and motion: The effects of stimulus movement on temporal perception. Perception & Psychophysics57(1): 105–116.
7.
Call, N. A., Reavis, A. R., Mccracken, C. E., Gillespie, S. E., & Scheithauer, M. C. (2015). The impact of delays on parents' perceptions of treatments for problem behavior. J Autism Dev Disord, 45(4), 1013–1025.
8.
ChenH.NgS.RaoA. R. (2005) Cultural differences in consumer impatience. Journal of Marketing Research42(3): 291–301.
9.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
10.
DassenF. C.JansenA.NederkoornC.HoubenK. (2016) Focus on the future: Episodic future thinking reduces discount rate and snacking. Appetite96: 327–332. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.09.032.
11.
Davis, C., Patte, K., Curtis, C., & Reid, C. (2010). Immediate pleasures and future consequences. A neuropsychological study of binge eating and obesity. Appetite, 54(1), 208–213.
12.
Dixon, M. R., Marley, J., & Jacobs, A. E. A. (2003). Delay discounting by pathological gamblers. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 36(4), 449–458.
13.
FignerB.KnochD.JohnsonE. J.KroschA. R.LisanbyS. H.FehrE.WeberE. U. (2010) Lateral prefrontal cortex and self-control in intertemporal choice. Nature Neuroscience13(5): 538–539. doi:10.1038/nn.2516.
14.
GreenL.FryA. F.MyersonJ. (1994) Discounting of delayed rewards – a life-span comparison. Psychological Science5(1): 33–36. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00610.x.
15.
GreenL.MyersonJ. (2004) A discounting framework for choice with delayed and probabilistic rewards. Psychological Bulletin130(5): 769–792. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.5.769.
16.
GuanS.ChengL.FanY.LiX. (2015) Myopic decisions under negative emotions correlate with altered time perception. Frontiers in Psychology6: 468. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00468.
17.
HanR.TakahashiT.MiyazakiA.KadoyaT.KatoS.YokosawaK. (2015) Activity in the left auditory cortex is associated with individual impulsivity in time discounting. Conference Proceedings of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society2015: 6646–6649. doi:10.1109/EMBC.2015.7319917.
18.
Jarmolowicz, D. P., Cherry, J. B., Reed, D. D., Bruce, J. M., Crespi, J. M., & Lusk, J. L., et al. (2014). Robust relation between temporal discounting rates and body mass. Appetite, 78(4), 63.
19.
JohnsonM. W.BrunerN. R. (2012) The sexual discounting task: HIV risk behavior and the discounting of delayed sexual rewards in cocaine dependence. Drug and Alcohol Dependence123(1–3): 15–21. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.09.032.
20.
KanaiR.PaffenC. L.HogendoornH.VerstratenF. A. (2006) Time dilation in dynamic visual display. Journal of Vision6(12): 1421–1430. doi:10.1167/6.12.8.
21.
KaplanB. A.ReedD. D.JarmolowiczD. P. (2016) Effects of episodic future thinking on discounting: Personalized age-progressed pictures improve risky long-term health decisions. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis49(1): 148–169. doi:10.1002/jaba.277.
22.
KaplanB. A.ReedD. D.McKercharT. L. (2014) Using a visual analogue scale to assess delay, social, and probability discounting of an environmental loss. The Psychological Record64(2): 261–269.
23.
KimB.SungY. S.McClureS. M. (2012) The neural basis of cultural differences in delay discounting. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences367(1589): 650–656. doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0292.
24.
KirbyK. N.MarakovićN. N. (1996) Delay-discounting probabilistic rewards: Rates decrease as amounts increase. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review3(1): 100–104.
25.
KirbyK. N.PetryN. M. (2004) Heroin and cocaine abusers have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than alcoholics or non-drug-using controls. Addiction99(4): 461–471. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00669.x.
26.
KraplinA.DshemuchadseM.BehrendtS.ScherbaumS.GoschkeT.BuhringerG. (2014) Dysfunctional decision-making in pathological gambling: Pattern specificity and the role of impulsivity. Psychiatry Research215(3): 675–682. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.12.041.
27.
LeeK. H.BhakerR. S.MysoreA.ParksR. W.BirkettP. B.WoodruffP. W. (2009) Time perception and its neuropsychological correlates in patients with schizophrenia an in healthy volunteers. Psychiatry Research166(2–3): 174–183. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.03.004.
28.
Lucci, C. R. (2013). Time, self, and intertemporal choice. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 7, 40. doi:10.3389/fnins.2013.00040.
29.
MacKillopJ.AmlungM. T.FewL. R.RayL. A.SweetL. H.MunafoM. R. (2011) Delayed reward discounting and addictive behavior: A meta-analysis. Psychopharmacology (Berlin)216(3): 305–321. doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2229-0.
30.
MateJ.PiresA. C.CampoyG.EstaúnS. (2009) Estimating the duration of visual stimuli in motion environments. Psicológica30(2): 287–300.
31.
Mazur, J. E. (1987). An adjusting procedure for studying delayed reinforcement. In: Commons, M. L., Mazur, J. E., Nevin, J. A. & Rachlin, H. (Eds.), The Effect of Delay and of Intervening Events on Reinforcement Value: Quantitative Analyses of Behavior (pp. 55–73). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
32.
McClureS. M.LaibsonD. I.LoewensteinG.CohenJ. D. (2004) Separate neural systems value immediate and delayed monetary rewards. Science306(5695): 503–507. doi:10.1126/science.1100907.
33.
MilenkovaM.MohammadiB.KolleweK.SchraderC.FellbrichA.WittfothM.MunteT. F. (2011) Intertemporal choice in Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders26(11): 2004–2010. doi:10.1002/mds.23756.
34.
MioniG.ZakayD.GrondinS. (2015) Faster is briefer: The symbolic meaning of speed influences time perception. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review22(5): 1285–1291. doi:10.3758/s13423-015-0815-6.
35.
NoreikaV.FalterC. M.RubiaK. (2013) Timing deficits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Evidence from neurocognitive and neuroimaging studies. Neuropsychologia51(2): 235–266. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.09.036.
36.
OnoF.KitazawaS. (2010) The effect of perceived motion-in-depth on time perception. Cognition115(1): 140–146. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2009.12.006.
37.
PalomboD. J.KeaneM. M.VerfaellieM. (2016) Using future thinking to reduce temporal discounting: Under what circumstances are the medial temporal lobes critical?Neuropsychologia89: 437–444. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.07.002.
38.
PapageorgiouC.KaranasiouI. S.KapsaliF.StachteaX.KyprianouM.TsianakaE. I.PapadimitriouG. N. (2013) Temporal processing dysfunction in schizophrenia as measured by time interval discrimination and tempo reproduction tasks. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry40: 173–179.
39.
PetersJ. (2011) The role of the medial orbitofrontal cortex in intertemporal choice: Prospection or valuation?Journal of Neuroscience31(16): 5889–5890. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0268-11.2011.
40.
Power, Y., Goodyear, B., & Crockford, D. (2012). Neural correlates of pathological gamblers preference for immediate rewards during the iowa gambling task: an fmri study. Journal of Gambling Studies, 28(4), 623–636.
41.
PredebonJ. (2002) Stimulus motion and retrospective time judgments. Acta Psychologica109(2): 213–225.
42.
ReadD. (2001) Is time-discounting hyperbolic or subadditive?Journal of Risk and Uncertainty23(1): 5–32.
43.
ScholtenM.ReadD. (2013) Time and outcome framing in intertemporal tradeoffs. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition39(4): 1192–1212. doi:10.1037/a0031171.
44.
SoechtingJ. F.MrotekL. A.FlandersM. (2003) Time constants in the perception of a change in the direction of motion in humans. Neuroscience Letters348(1): 56–60.
45.
Stoeckel, L. E., Murdaugh, D. L., Cox, J. E., Iii, E. W. C., & Weller, R. E. (2013). Greater impulsivity is associated with decreased brain activation in obese women during a delay discounting task. Brain Imaging & Behavior, 7(2), 116–128.
46.
TakeuchiT.YoshimotoS.ShimadaY.KochiyamaT.KondoH. M. (2017) Individual differences in visual motion perception and neurotransmitter concentrations in the human brain. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B372(1714): pii:20160111.
47.
TseP. U.IntriligatorJ.RivestJ.CavanaghP. (2004) Attention and the subjective expansion of time. Perception & Psychophysics66(7): 1171–1189.
48.
WienerM.LeeY.-S.LohoffF. W.CoslettH. B. (2014) Individual differences in the morphometry and activation of time perception networks are influenced by dopamine genotype. Neuroimage89: 10–22.
49.
WittmannM.PaulusM. P. (2008) Decision making, impulsivity and time perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences12(1): 7–12. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.10.004.
50.
YamamotoK.MiuraK. (2016) Effect of motion coherence on time perception relates to perceived speed. Vision Research123: 56–62. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2015.11.004.
51.
ZaubermanG.KimB. K.MalkocS. A.BettmanJ. R. (2008) Discounting time and time discounting: Subjective time perception and intertemporal preferences. Journal of Marketing Research46(4): 543–556.
