Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) are coming to terms with the potency of social media and Internet-based communication, not solely as an extension of mass communication but as a phenomenological source of intelligence. One feature of the expansion of material – particularly that which is openly available to investigators – is the narrowing of traditional boundaries between information to support lines of activity (intelligence) and material to be relied on during a criminal trial (evidence). This article addresses the legal considerations facing LEAs when this concatenation of two different categories of material occurs and matters of how to reconcile them.
AkhgarBSaathoffGArabniaHHillRStaniforthABayerlPS (eds) (2015) Application of Big Data for National Security: A Practitioner’s Guide to Emerging Technologies. Waltham, MA: Elsevier.
2.
ArmstrongTZuckerbergMPageLRottenbergESmithBCosteloD (2013) An Open Letter to Washington. 9 December.
3.
Beguerisse-DíazMGarduno-HernandezGVangelovBYalirakiSBarahonaM (2014) Interest communities and flow roles in directed networks: the Twitter network of the UK riots. Cornell University Library. Available at: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.6785(accessed 12 September 2016).
4.
BlackmanJ (2008) Omniveillance, Google, privacy in public, and the right to your digital identity: A tort for recording and disseminating an individual’s image over the Internet. Santa Clara Law Review49: 313.
5.
BrunetJClaudonN (2015) Military and big data revolution. In AkhgarBSaathoffGArabniaHHillRStaniforthABayerlPS (eds) Application of Big Data for National Security: A Practitioner’s Guide to Emerging Technologies. Waltham, MA: Elsevier, ch. 7.
6.
BrunsABurgessJ (2012) #qldfloods and @QPSMedia: Crisis Communication on Twitter in the 2011 South-East Queensland Floods. Brisbane: ARC Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation, Queensland University of Technology.
7.
CopitchGFoxC (2010) Using social media as a means of improving public confidence. Safer Communities9(2): 42–48.
8.
CrumpJ (2011) What are the police doing on Twitter? Social media, the police and the public. Policy and Internet3(4): article 7.
9.
GaynorM (1957–1958) Admission in evidence of statements made in the presence of the defendant. Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science48: 193
10.
KaplanAHaenleinM (2010) Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media. Business Horizons53(1): 59–68.
LinD (1998) Extracting collocations from text corpora. In: First Workshop on Computational Terminology, Montreal, Canada, pp. 57–63.
13.
OrmerodD (ed) (2016) Blackstone’s Criminal Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
14.
PoellTBorraE (2011) Twitter, YouTube, and Flickr as platforms of alternative journalism: The Social Media Account of the 2010 Toronto G20 protests. Journalism13(6): 695–713
15.
PriceE (2011) Library and internet resources for research on terrorism. In SchmidA (ed) The Routledge Handbook on Terrorism Research. London: Routledge, ch. 7.
16.
RussellA (2007) Digital communication networks and the journalistic field: The 2005 French riots. Critical Studies in Media Communication24(4): 285–302.
17.
SeretanVNerimaLWehrliE (2003) Extraction of multi-word collocations using syntactic bigram composition. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Recent Advances in NLP. Borovets, Bulgaria, 10–12 September 2003, pp. 424–431.
18.
SmadjaF (1993) Retrieving collocations from text: Xtract. Computational Linguistics19(1): 143–177.
19.
StaniforthAAkhgarB (2015) Harnessing the power of big data to counter international terrorism. AkhgarBSaathoffGArabniaHHillRStaniforthABayerlPS (eds) Application of Big Data for National Security: A Practitioner’s Guide to Emerging Technologies. Waltham, MA: Elsevier, ch. 3.
