Soccer Refereeing and Resilient Behavior: Relationships With Psychological Inflexibility and Perfectionism

Abstract

The study analyzes how perfectionism and psychological inflexibility relate to resilience in soccer referees. Data were collected online from 199 referees (91.96% male, M_age = 28.24, SD = 8.47). Of the total sample, 73.37% were amateur and 26.63% were semi-professional or professional, with no significant differences in the scores of the three variables. Referees with low resilience reported higher psychological inflexibility, greater maladaptive perfectionism, and lower adaptive perfectionism. Participants grouped with high-medium psychological inflexibility showed a higher risk (OR = 4.079) of being in the low-resilience group compared to those with low psychological inflexibility. Linear regression models show a positive and significant predictive capacity for resilience for adaptive perfectionism (β = 0.468, p < .001), but a negative one for psychological inflexibility (β = −0.213, p = .003) and maladaptive perfectionism (β = −0.323, p < .001). The implications of these results in the sports context are analyzed.

Keywords

soccer referees coping inflexibility perfectionism resilience

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Appleton

P. R.

Hall

H. K.

Hill

A. P.

(2011). Examining the influence of the parent-initiated and coach-created motivational climates upon athletes’ perfectionistic cognitions. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(7), 661–671. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2010.551541

Arbinaga

(2025). Pain catastrophizing related to psychological inflexibility, self-reported injuries, and perfectionism in soccer referees. Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise, 7(1), 84–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42978-023-00234-z

Arbinaga

Cantón

(2013). Psicología del deporte y la salud: una relación compleja. Editorial EOS.

Arbinaga

Fernández-Ozcorta

E. J.

Herrera-Macías

P. P.

Vela-Calderón

(2019). Burnout syndrome and resilience in soccer and basketball referees. Journal of Sport Psychology, 28(2), 23–32.

Barton

McKay

Garvis

Sappa

(2020). Introduction: Defining and theorizing key concepts of resilience and well-being and arts-based research. In McKay

Barton

Garvis

Sappa

(Eds.), Arts-based research, resilience and well-being across the lifespan (pp. 1–12). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26053-8-18

Besser

Flett

G. L.

Hewitt

P. L.

(2010). Perfectionistic self-presentation and trait perfectionism in social problem-solving ability and depressive symptoms. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40(8), 2121–2154. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00653.x

Bisgaier

(2019). Acceptance and commitment therapy for the treatment of perfectionism. Widener University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.

Bizzini

Junge

Bahr

Dvorak

(2011). Injuries of football referees: A representative survey of Swiss referees officiating at all levels of play. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 21(1), 42–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01003.x

Bizzini

Junge

Bahr

Helsen

Dvorak

(2009). Injuries and musculoskeletal complaints in referees and assistant referees selected for the 2006 FIFA world cup: Retrospective and prospective survey. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(7), 490–497. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2008.048314

10.

Bond

F. W.

Hayes

S. C.

Baer

R. A.

Carpenter

K. M.

Guenole

Orcutt

H. K.

Waltz

Zettle

R. D.

(2011). Preliminary psychometric properties of the acceptance and action Questionnaire-II: A revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. Behavior Therapy, 42(4), 676–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2011.03.007

11.

Bonnert

Olén

Bjureberg

Lalouni

Hedman-Lagerlöf

Serlachius

Ljótsson

(2018). The role of avoidance behavior in the treatment of adolescents with irritable bowel syndrome: A mediation analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 105, 27–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2018.03.006

12.

Carraça

Serpa

Rosado

Palmi-Guerrero

(2019). A pilot study of a mindfulness-based program (MBSoccerP): The potential role of mindfulness, self-compassion and psychological flexibility on flow and elite performance in soccer athletes. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología del Ejercicio y el Deporte, 14(1), 34–40.

13.

Carrasco

Belloch

Perpiñá

(2010). The assessment of perfectionism: Utility of the multidimensional perfectionism in a Spanish population. Análisis y Modificación de Conducta, 30(153), 49–65.

14.

Chen

L. H.

C. H.

Chang

J. H.

(2017). Gratitude and athletes’ life satisfaction: The moderating role of mindfulness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 18(4), 1147–1159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-016-9764-7

15.

Crosby

J. M.

Armstrong

A. B.

Nafziger

M. A.

Twohig

M. P.

(2013). Using acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) to treat perfectionism in college students. In Pistorello

(Ed.), Mindfulness & acceptance for counseling college students (pp. 139–158). New Harbinger Publications, Inc.

16.

Daks

J. S.

Peltz

J. S.

Rogge

R. D.

(2020). Psychological flexibility and inflexibility as sources of resiliency and risk during a pandemic: Modeling the cascade of COVID-19 stress on family systems with a contextual behavioral science lens. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 18(1), 16–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.08.003

17.

Delor

Douilliez

Philippot

(2019). Une approche transdiagnostique et basée sur les processus du perfectionnisme inadapté. Revue Francophone de Clinique Comportementale et Cognitive, 24(1), 20–38.

18.

Dindo

Brandt

C. P.

Fiedorowicz

(2019). Cross-sectional relations between psychological inflexibility and symptoms of depression and anxiety among adults reporting migraines or risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 13(3), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.06.001

19.

Faul

Erdfelder

Lang

A. G.

Buchner

(2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03193146

20.

Flett

G. L.

Hewitt

P. L.

(2002). Perfectionism: Theory, research and treatment. American Psychological Association.

21.

Flett

G. L.

Hewitt

P. L.

(2005). The perils of perfectionism in sports and exercise science. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(1), 14–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.003

22.

Frost

R. O.

Marten

Lahart

Rosenblate

(1990). The dimensions of perfectionism. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14(5), 449–468. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01172967

23.

Gaudreau

Thompson

(2010). Testing a 2×2 model of dispositional perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(5), 532–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.11.031

24.

Gelabert

García-Esteve

Martín-Santos

Gutiérrez

Torres

Subirà

(2011). Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the frost multidimensional perfectionism scale in women. Psicothema, 23(1), 133–139.

25.

Gentili

Rickardsson

Zetterqvist

Simons

L. E.

Lekander

Wicksell

R. K.

(2019). Psychological flexibility as a resilience factor in individuals with chronic pain. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2016. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02016

26.

Goubert

Trompetter

(2017). Towards a science and practice of resilience in the face of pain. European Journal of Pain, 21(8), 1301–1315. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.1062

27.

Guillén

Hernández-Mendo

Reigal-Garrido

R. E.

(2014). General self-efficacy, adaptive perfectionism and resilience in referees. In Presented at the meeting for the Spanish Federation of sport psychology (pp. 14–17). Cáceres.

28.

Habibi-Asgarabad

Doos Ali-Vand

Salehi-Yegaei

Hooman

Ahmadi

Baglioni

Moradi

(2023). The contribution of transdiagnostic vulnerability factors in patients with chronic insomnia. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, Article 1162729. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1162729

29.

Hae-Yong

Young-In

Ch.

(2014). A preliminary study on musculoskeletal pain in k-league referees-a complete survey. Korean Journal of Sports Medicine, 32(1), 37–43. https://doi.org/10.5763/kjsm.2014.32.1.37

30.

Hayes

S. C.

(2012). Acceptance and commitment therapy: The process and practice of mindful change. Guilford Press.

31.

Hayes

S. C.

(2015). Acceptance and commitment therapy. Desclée De Brouwer.

32.

Hayes

S. C.

Luoma

J. B.

Bond

F. W.

Masuda

Lillis

(2006). Acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, processes, and outcomes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.06.006

33.

Hayes

S. C.

Strosahl

K. D.

Wilson

K. G.

(2016). Acceptance and commitment therapy. Process and practice of mindful change (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.

34.

Hedman-Lagerlof

Axelsson

Ljotsson

Engelbrektsson

Hultkrantz

Lundbäck

Björkander

Wicksell

R. K.

Flink

Andersson

(2018). Internet-delivered exposure therapy for fibromyalgia: A randomized controlled trial. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 34(6), 532–542. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0000000000000566

35.

Hewitt

P. L.

Flett

G. L.

(1991). Perfectionism in the self and social contexts: Conceptualization, assessment, and association with psychopathology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(3), 456–470. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.60.3.456

36.

Hewitt

P. L.

Flett

G. L.

(2002). Perfectionism and stress processes in psychopathology. In Flett

G. L.

Hewitt

P. L.

(Eds.), Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 255–284). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10458-011

37.

Hill

A. P.

Hall

H. K.

Appleton

P. R.

Kozub

S. A.

(2008). Perfectionism and burnout in junior elite soccer players: The mediating influence of unconditional self-acceptance. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9(5), 630–644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.09.004

38.

Hill

A. P.

Madigan

D. J.

Smith

M. M.

Mallinson-Howard

S. H.

Donachie

T. C.

(2020). Perfectionism. In Hackfort

Schinke

(Eds.), The routledge international encyclopedia of sport and exercise psychology V.1: Theoretical and methodological concepts. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315187259

39.

Hill

A. P.

Mallinson-Howard

S. H.

Madigan

D. J.

Jowett

G. E.

(2019). Perfectionism in sport, dance, and exercise: An extended review and reanalysis. In Tenenbaum

Eklund

R. C.

(Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (4th ed., pp. 121–157). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119568124.ch7

40.

Hill

A. P.

Witcher

C. S.

Gotwals

J. K.

Leyland

A. F.

(2015). A qualitative study of perfectionism among self-identified perfectionists in sport and the performing arts. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 4(4), 237–253. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000041

41.

Khawaja

N. G.

Armstrong

K. A.

(2005). Factor structure and psychometric properties of the frost multidimensional perfectionism scale: Developing shorter versions using an Australian sample. Australian Journal of Psychology, 57(2), 129–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/10519990500048611

42.

Klibert

Lamis

D. A.

Collins

Smalley

K. B.

Warren

J. C.

Yancey

C. T.

Winterowd

(2014). Resilience mediates the relations between perfectionism and college student distress. Journal of Counseling and Development, 92(1), 75–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2014.00132.x

43.

Lizmore

M. R.

Dunn

J. G. H.

Causgrove-Dunn

(2017). Perfectionistic strivings, perfectionistic concerns, and reactions to poor personal performances among intercollegiate athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 33, 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.07.010

44.

Luszczynska

Zarychta

Horodyska

Liszewska

Gancarczyk

Czekierda

(2015). Functional perfectionism and healthy behaviors: The longitudinal relationships between the dimensions of perfectionism, nutrition behavior, and physical activity moderated by gender. Current Issues in Personality Psychology, 3(2), 84–93. https://doi.org/10.5114/cipp.2015.52085

45.

Madigan

D. J.

Stoeber

Passfield

(2017). Athletes’ perfectionism and reasons for training: Perfectionistic concerns predict training for weight control. Personality and Individual Differences, 115, 133–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.034

46.

Malhi

G. S.

Das

Bell

Mattingly

Mannie

(2019). Modelling resilience in adolescence and adversity: A novel framework to inform research and practice. Translational Psychiatry, 9(1), 316. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-019-0651-y

47.

Marais

G. A. B.

Lantheaume

Fiault

Shankland

(2020). Mindfulness-based programs improve psychological flexibility, mental health, well-being, and time management in academics. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 10(4), 1035–1050. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe10040073

48.

McCracken

L. M.

(2013). Committed action: An application of the psychological flexibility model to activity patterns in chronic pain. The Journal of Pain, 14(8), 828–835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2013.02.009

49.

Miles

Nedeljkovic

Phillipou

(2023). Investigating differences in cognitive flexibility, clinical perfectionism, and eating disorder-specific rumination across anorexia nervosa illness states. Eating Disorders, 31(6), 610–631. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640266.2023.2206751

50.

Molnar

D. S.

Flett

G. L.

Sadava

S. W.

Colautti

(2012). Perfectionism and health functioning in women with fibromyalgia. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 73(4), 295–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.08.001

51.

Moore

Z. E.

(2009). Theoretical and empirical developments of the mindfulness-acceptance-commitment (MAC) approach to performance enhancement. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 3(4), 291–302. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.3.4.291

52.

Noble

C. L.

Ashby

J. S.

Gnilka

P. B.

(2014). Multidimensional perfectionism, coping, and depression: Differential prediction of depression symptoms by perfectionism type. Journal of College Counseling, 17(1), 80–94. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1882.2014.00049.x

53.

Oguntuase

S. B.

Sun

(2022). Effects of mindfulness training on resilience, self-confidence and emotion regulation of elite football players: The mediating role of locus of control. Asian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2(3), 198–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajsep.2022.08.003

54.

Oliveira

M. C.

Naujorks-Reis

da Silva

A. I.

(2016). Injury incidence in Brazilian football referees. Archivos de Medicina del Deporte, 33(2), 108–112.

55.

Ong

C. W.

Hancock

A. S.

Barrett

T. S.

Lee

E. B.

Wan

Gillam

R. B.

Levin

M. E.

Twohig

M. P.

(2020). A preliminary investigation of the effect of acceptance and commitment therapy on neural activation in clinical perfectionism. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 18(1), 152–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.09.007

56.

Orouji

Abdi

Chalabianloo

(2022). Mediating role of psychological inflexibility as transdiagnostic factor in the relationship between emotional dysregulation and sleep problems with symptoms of emotional disorders. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 800041. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.800041

57.

Park

Hsu

Randall

Simons

(2018). Perfection, performance, and pain: Athletic identity and perfectionism as risk factors for pain-related distress in adolescents with chronic pain. The Journal of Pain, 19(3), S58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2017.12.148

58.

Pizzera

Laborde

Lahey

Wahl

(2022). Influence of physical and psychological stress on decision-making performance of soccer referees. Journal of Sports Sciences, 40(18), 2037–2046. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2022.2127516

59.

Quartana

P. J.

Campbell

C. M.

Edwards

R. R.

(2009). Pain catastrophizing: A critical review. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 9(5), 745–758. https://doi.org/10.1586/ern.09.34

60.

Ramaci

Bellini

Presti

Santisi

(2019). Psychological flexibility and mindfulness as predictors of individual outcomes in hospital health workers. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1302. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01302

61.

Rice

K. G.

Lopez

F. G.

Richardson

C. M. E.

(2013). Perfectionism and performance among STEM students. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 82(2), 124–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.12.002

62.

Richardson

C. M. E.

Rice

K. G.

Devine

D. P.

(2014). Perfectionism, emotion regulation, and the cortisol stress response. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61(1), 110–118. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034446

63.

Roales-Nieto

J. G.

Moreno-San-Pedro

Córdoba-García

Marín-Romero

Jiménez-López

F. R.

Gil-Luciano

Silvano-Arranz

Fernández-Lao

I. R.

Granados-Gámez

Hernández-López

(2016). Smoking self-quitting and psychological flexibility. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 16(2), 111–130.

64.

Robazza

Sivilli

Bortoli

Ruiz

M. C.

(2023). Perfection behind the whistle: Perfectionism and perceived performance in soccer referees. Heliyon, 9(12), Article e22856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22856

65.

Rudolph

S. G.

Flett

G. L.

Hewitt

P. L.

(2007). Perfectionism and deficits in cognitive emotion regulation. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 25(4), 343–357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-007-0056-3

66.

Ruiz

F. J.

(2010). A review of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) empirical evidence: Correlational, experimental psychopathology, component and outcome studies. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 10(1), 125–162.

67.

Ruiz

F. J.

Langer Herrera

A. I.

Luciano

Cangas

A. J.

Beltrán

(2013). Measuring experiential avoidance and psychological inflexibility: The Spanish version of the acceptance and action Questionnaire-II. Psicothema, 25(1), 123–129. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2011.239

68.

Ruiz

M. C.

Appleton

P. R.

Duda

J. L.

Bortoli

Robazza

(2023). Perfectionism and performance-related psychobiosocial states: The mediating role of competition appraisals. European Journal of Sport Science, 23(5), 797–808. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2022.2049374

69.

Ruiz-Barquín

De la Vega

Poveda

Rosado

Serpa

(2012). Psychometric analysis of the resilience scale in the sport of football. Journal of Sport Psychology, 21(1), 143–151.

70.

Santanello

A. W.

Gardner

F. L.

(2007). The role of experiential avoidance in the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and worry. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 31(3), 319–332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-006-9000-6

71.

Sheppard

Hicks

R. E.

(2017). Maladaptive perfectionism and psychological distress: The mediating role of resilience and trait emotional intelligence. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 9(4), 65–75. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v9n4p65

72.

Sherry

S. B.

Hewitt

P. L.

Flett

G. L.

Harvey

(2003). Perfectionism dimensions, perfectionistic attitudes, dependent attitudes, and depression in psychiatric patients and university students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50(3), 373–386. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.50.3.373

73.

Sirois

F. M.

Molnar

D. S.

(2014). Perfectionism and maladaptive coping styles in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome and fibromyalgia/arthritis and in healthy controls. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 83(6), 384–385. https://doi.org/10.1159/000365174

74.

Southwick

S. M.

Bonanno

G. A.

Masten

A. S.

Panter-Brick

Yehuda

(2014). Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: Interdisciplinary perspectives. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5(1), 25338. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v5.25338

75.

Stoeber

(2018). The psychology of perfectionism: Critical issues, open questions, and future directions. In Stoeber

(Ed.), The psychology of perfectionism: Theory, research, applications (pp. 333–352). Routledge.

76.

Stoeber

Otto

Pescheck

Becker

Stoll

(2007). Perfectionism and competitive anxiety in athletes: Differentiating striving for perfection and negative reactions to imperfection. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(6), 959–969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.006

77.

Stoeber

Rennert

(2008). Perfectionism in schoolteachers: Relations with stress appraisals, coping styles, and burnout. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 21(1), 37–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800701742461

78.

Stølen

Chamari

Castagna

Wisløff

(2005). Physiology of soccer: An update. Sports Medicine, 35(6), 501–536. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200535060-00004

79.

Taghavizade-Ardakani

Akbari

Hossein-Khanzade

A. A.

Moshkbide Haghighi1

(2019). Comparing the effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy on the perfectionism of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. The Horizon of Medical Sciences, 26(1), 24–37. https://doi.org/10.32598/hms.26.1.3093.1

80.

Tanhan

(2019). Acceptance and commitment therapy with ecological systems theory: Addressing Muslim mental health issues and wellbeing. Journal of Positive Psychology and Wellbeing, 3(2), 197–219. https://doi.org/10.47602/jpsp.v3i2.172

81.

Taylor

J. J.

Papay

K. A.

Webb

J. B.

Reeve

C. L.

(2016). The good, the bad, and the interactive: Evaluative concerns perfectionism moderates the effect of personal strivings perfectionism on self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 95, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.006

82.

Trompetter

H. R.

Bohlmeijer

E. T.

Fox

J. P.

Schreurs

K. M.

(2015). Psychological flexibility and catastrophizing as associated change mechanisms during online acceptance & commitment therapy for chronic pain. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 74, 50–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2015.09.001

83.

Uğur

Kaya

Ç.

Tanhan

(2021). Psychological inflexibility mediates the relationship between fear of negative evaluation and psychological vulnerability. Current Psychology, 40(9), 4265–4277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01074-8

84.

Vela

Arbinaga

(2018). Application of the list of stressful situations for arbitration (LISEA) in football referees. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología del Ejercicio y el Deporte, 13(2), 281–287.

85.

Vowles

K. E.

McNeil

D. W.

Gross

R. T.

McDaniel

M. L.

Mouse

Bates

Gallimore

McCall

(2007). Effects of pain acceptance and pain control strategies on physical impairment in individuals with chronic low back pain. Behavior Therapy, 38(4), 412–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2007.02.001

86.

Vowles

K. E.

Witkiewitz

Sowden

Ashworth

(2014). Acceptance and commitment therapy for chronic pain: Evidence of mediation and clinically significant change following an abbreviated interdisciplinary program of rehabilitation. The Journal of Pain, 15(1), 101–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2013.10.002

87.

Wagnild

G. M.

Young

H. M.

(1987). The resilience scale. Unpublished manuscript. Master’s thesis. University of Washington.

88.

Wagnild

G. M.

Young

H. M.

(1993). Development and psychometric evaluation of the resilience scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 1(2), 165–178.

89.

Wicksell

R. K.

Olsson

G. L.

Hayes

S. C.

(2010). Psychological flexibility as a mediator of improvement in acceptance and commitment therapy for patients with chronic pain following whiplash. European Journal of Pain, 14(10), 1059.e1–1059.e11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpain.2010.05.001

90.

Wilson

Byrne

Gissane

(2011). A prospective study of injury and activity profile in elite soccer referees and assistant referees. Irish Medical Journal, 104(10), 295–297. https://hdl.handle.net/10147/213513

91.

Zhang

C. Q.

Chung

P. K.

Liu

J. D.

(2014). Psychometric properties of the acceptance and action questionnaire-II for Chinese college students and elite Chinese athletes. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 47(4), 256–270. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175614538064

92.

Zhang

Sun

Zhou

Gong

Huang

(2025). The effect of mindfulness training on the psychological state of high-level athletes: Meta-analysis and system evaluation research. Journal of Sports Sciences, 43(6), 600–622. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2025.2468997