Advancing Auditory Processing by Detecting Frequency-Following Responses Through a Specialized Machine Learning Model

Abstract

In this study, we explore the feasibility and performance of detecting scalp-recorded frequency-following responses (FFRs) with a specialized machine learning (ML) model. By leveraging the strengths of feature extraction of the source separation non-negative matrix factorization (SSNMF) algorithm and its adeptness in handling limited training data, we adapted the SSNMF algorithm into a specialized ML model with a hybrid architecture to enhance FFR detection amidst background noise. We recruited 40 adults with normal hearing and evoked their scalp recorded FFRs using the English vowel/i/with a rising pitch contour. The model was trained on FFR-present and FFR-absent conditions, and its performance was evaluated using sensitivity, specificity, efficiency, false-positive rate, and false-negative rate metrics. This study revealed that the specialized SSNMF model achieved heightened sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency in detecting FFRs as the number of recording sweeps increased. Sensitivity exceeded 80% at 500 sweeps and maintained over 89% from 1000 sweeps onwards. Similarly, specificity and efficiency also improved rapidly with increasing sweeps. The progressively enhanced sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency of this specialized ML model underscore its practicality and potential for broader applications. These findings have immediate implications for FFR research and clinical use, while paving the way for further advancements in the assessment of auditory processing.