This study tested the feasibility of using an inertial measurement unit to discriminate different developmental levels of children performing the standing long jump (SLJ). Sixty-four children (54.6% boys, 46.4% girls) aged 8 to 11 years old (M = 9.17, SD = 0.97) performed the SLJ three times and were classified by rater observations into three developmental levels. Concurrently, they wore an inertial measurement unit from which a set of temporal and kinematic parameters for the quantitative assessment of their jumps. A multivariate analysis of variance revealed that variability among the developmental groups was identified by the overall set of parameters, while discriminant function analysis verified that these parameters discriminated among developmental levels. Primary predictors for developmental group discrimination were maximum peak acceleration in the vertical and anteroposterior directions, respectively, and normalized preparation time. These outcomes represent significant steps toward improving the assessment of SLJ rate of development in childhood and supporting physical education.
AshbyB. M.HeegaardJ. H. (2002) Role of arm motion in the standing long jump. Journal of Biomechanics35(12): 1631–1637.
2.
BeneficeE.MalinaR. (1996) Body size, body composition and motor performances of mild-to-moderately undernourished Senegalese children. Annals of Human Biology23(4): 307–321.
3.
BergaminiE.LigorioG.SummaA.VannozziG.CappozzoA.SabatiniA. M. (2014) Estimating orientation using magnetic and inertial sensors and different sensor fusion approaches: Accuracy assessment in manual and locomotion tasks. Sensors14(10): 18625–18649.
4.
BetzN. E. (1987) Use of discriminant analysis in counseling psychology research. Journal of Counseling Psychology34(4): 393–403.
5.
BurrJ. F.JamnikR. K.BakerJ.MacphersonA.GledhillN.McGuireE. J. (2008) Relationship of physical fitness test results and hockey playing potential in elite-level ice hockey players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research22(5): 1535–1543.
6.
ClarkJ. E.MetcalfeJ. S. (2002) The mountain of motor development: A metaphor. Motor Development: Research and Reviews2: 163–190.
7.
CohenJ. (1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence.
8.
Department of Education Western Australia (2013a) Fundamental movement skills: Learning, teaching and assessment, Perth, Australia: Author.
9.
Department of Education Western Australia (2013b) Fundamental movement skills: The tools for learning, teaching and assessment, Perth, Australia: Author.
10.
GabbardC. P. (2011) Lifelong motor development, 6th ed. London, England: Pearson Higher Ed.
11.
Hands, B. P. (2002) How can we best measure fundamental movement skills? Paper presented at the Australian Council for Health, Physical Education and Recreation, Inc. (ACHPER) 23rd Biennial National/International Conference: Interactive Health & Physical Education, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia.
12.
HaywoodK. M.GetchellN. (2001) Life span motor development, 3rd ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
13.
HofA. L. (1996) Scaling gait data to body size. Gait & Posture3(4): 222–223.
14.
HraskiM.HraskiŽ.PrskaloI. (2015) Comparison of standing long jump technique performed by subjects from different age groups. Baltic Journal of Sport and Health Sciences98(3): 2–12.
15.
LangendorferS. J. (2001) Comparing three methods for estimating rater objectivity. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology23: S58–S59.
16.
Madgwick, S. O., Harrison, A. J., & Vaidyanathan, R. (2011). Estimation of IMU and MARG orientation using a gradient descent algorithm. IEEE International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics (ICORR), Zurich, pp. 1–7.
17.
MasciI.VannozziG.BergaminiE.PesceC.GetchellN.CappozzoA. (2013) Assessing locomotor skills development in childhood using wearable inertial sensor devices: The running paradigm. Gait & Posture37(4): 570–574.
18.
MasciI.VannozziG.GetchellN.CappozzoA. (2012) Assessing hopping developmental level in childhood using wearable inertial sensor devices. Motor Control16(3): 317–328.
19.
National Association for Sport and Physical Education. (2004). National standards for physical education. Reston, VA, McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages.
20.
National Association for Sport and Physical Education (2009) Appropriate use of instructional technology in physical education, Reston, VA: Author.
21.
NikolićI.MrakovićS.HorvatV. (2013) Standing long jump performance quality: Age and gender differences. Croatian Journal of Education15(Sp. Ed. 1): 173–183.
22.
OkelyA. D.BoothM. L.PattersonJ. W. (2001a) Relationship of physical activity to fundamental movement skills among adolescents. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise33(11): 1899–1904.
23.
OkelyA. D.BoothM. L.PattersonJ. W. (2001b) Relationship of cardiorespiratory endurance to fundamental movement skill proficiency among adolescents. Pediatric Exercise Science13(4): 380–391.
24.
PicernoP.CamomillaV.CapranicaL. (2011) Countermovement jump performance assessment using a wearable 3D inertial measurement unit. Journal of Sports Sciences29(2): 139–146.
25.
RequenaB.GarcíaI.RequenaF.de VillarrealE. S. S.PääsukeM. (2012) Reliability and validity of a wireless microelectromechanicals based system (Keimove™) for measuring vertical jumping performance. Journal of Sports, Science & Medicine11(1): 115–122.
26.
RobertonM. A.HalversonL. E. (1984) Developing children—Their changing movement: A guide for teachers, Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger.
27.
RoyB.YoumY.RobertsE. M. (1973) Kinematics and kinetics of the standing long-jump in 7-, 10-, 13-, and 16-year-old boys. Medicine and Sport3: 409–416.
28.
SchmidtR.LeeT. (2013) Motor learning and performance: From principles to application, 5th ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
29.
SetuainI.MartinikorenaJ.Gonzalez-IzalM.Martinez-RamirezA.GómezM.Alfaro-AdriánJ.IzquierdoM. (2015) Vertical jumping biomechanical evaluation through the use of an inertial sensor-based technology. Journal of Sports Sciences10: 1–9.
30.
SgròF.NicolosiS.SchembriR.PavoneM.LipomaM. (2015) Assessing vertical jump developmental levels in childhood using a low-cost motion capture approach. Perceptual & Motor Skills120(2): 642–658.
31.
SgroF.QuintoA.PignatoS.LipomaM. (2016) Comparison of product and process oriented model accuracy for assessing countermovement vertical jump motor proficiency in pre-adolescents. Journal of Physical Education and Sport16(3): 921–926.
32.
StoddenD. F.GoodwayJ. D.LangendorferS. J.RobertonM. A.RudisillM. E.GarciaC.GarciaL. E. (2008) A developmental perspective on the role of motor skill competence in physical activity: An emergent relationship. Quest60(2): 290–306.
33.
SzerdiováL.SimšikD.DolnáZ. (2012) Assessment of kinematics of sportsmen performing standing long jump in 2 different dynamical conditions. Metrology and Measurement Systems19(1): 85–94.
34.
TabachnickB. G.FidellL. S. (2007) Using multivariate statistics, 5th ed. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
35.
UlrichD. A. (2000) Test of gross motor development-2, Austin, TX: Prod-Ed.
36.
VeligekasP.TsoukosA.BogdanisG. C. (2012) Determinants of standing long jump performance in 9–12 year old children. Serbian Journal of Sports Sciences6(4): 147–155.
37.
VeltinkP. H.SlyckeP.HemssemsJ.BuschmanR.BultstraG.HermensH. (2003) Three dimensional inertial sensing of foot movements for automatic tuning of a two-channel implantable drop-foot stimulator. Medical Engineering & Physics25(1): 21–28.
38.
WakaiM.LinthorneN. P. (2005) Optimum take-off angle in the standing long jump. Human Movement Science24(1): 81–96.
39.
WalkleyJ.HollandB.TreloarR.Probyn-SmithH. (1993) Fundamental motor skill proficiency of children. ACHPER National Journal141: 11–14.
40.
WhitallJ. (2003) Development of locomotor co-ordination and control in children. In: SavelsberghG.DavidsK.Van der KampJ.BennettS. (eds) Development of movement co-ordination in children: Applications in the field of ergonomics, health sciences and sport, London, England: Routledge.
41.
WinterD. A. (1995) Human balance and posture control during standing and walking. Gait & Posture3(4): 193–214.
42.
WinterD. A. (2009) Biomechanics and motor control of human movement, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
43.
WuW. L.WuJ. H.LinH. T.WangG. J. (2003) Biomechanical analysis of the standing long jump. Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications15(05): 186–192.
