The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of observing point-light and video models and physical practice on learning a crouch start.
Method
Thirty-two female students were randomly assigned into point-light, video, physical practice, and control groups. They performed 10 trials in pretest, 160 trials in acquisition phase, and 10 trials in 24-hour retention test. Kinematic features and reaction time were measured as dependent variables.
Results
Results showed that physical practice group performed better than other groups in reaction time and range of motion of trunk and observational groups performed better than control groups in reaction time and range of motion of knee.
Conclusion
The results confirm the positive effects of observational practice on motor learning.
AshfordD.BennettS. J.DavidsK. (2006) Observational modeling effects for movement dynamics and movement outcome measures across differing task constraints: A meta-analysis. Journal of Motor Behavior38: 185–205.
2.
BadetsA.BlandinY.WrightD. L.SheaC. H. (2006) Error detection processes during observational learning. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport77: 177–184.
3.
BanduraA. (1986) Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
4.
Bergamini, E. (2011). Biomechanics of sprint running: A methodological contribution (Dissertation thesis). Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Bologna.
5.
Bezodis, N. E., Trewartha, G., & Salo, A. I. T. (2008, July). Understanding elite sprint start performance through an analysis of joint kinematics. Paper presented at the International Society of Biomechanic in Sports Conference, Seoul, Korea.
6.
BlackC. B.WrightD. L. (2000) Can observational practice facilitate error recognition and movement production?Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport71: 331–339.
7.
BlackC. B.WrightD. L.MagnusonC. E.BruecknerS. (2005) Learning to detect error in movement timing using physical and observational practice. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport76: 28–41.
8.
BlakeR.ShiffrarM. (2007) Perception of human motion. Annual Review of Psychology58: 47–73.
9.
BreslinG.HodgesN. J.WilliamsA. M.KremerJ.CurranW. (2005) Modelling relative motion to facilitate intra-limb coordination. Human Movement Science24: 446–463.
10.
Buchanan, J., Young, U. R., Kirk, Z., & Wright, D. L. (2008). Observational practice of relative but not absolute motion features in a single-limb multi-joint coordination task. Experimental Brain Research, 19, 157–169.
11.
BuchananJ. J.WrightD. L. (2011) Generalization of action knowledge following observational learning. Acta Psychologica136: 167–178.
12.
CohenJ. (1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral science, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
13.
FaniL.PrasadS.HarberK.ShiffrarM. (2005) Recognizing people from their movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance31: 210–220.
14.
GibsonJ. J. (1979) The ecological approach to visual perception, Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
15.
GhorbaniS.BundA. (2014) Acquisition a baseball-pitch through observation: What information is extracted?American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine2(6A): 18–21. doi:10.12691/ajssm-2-6A-5.
16.
Ghorbani, S., & Bund, A. (in press). Observational learning of a new motor skill: The effect of different model demonstrations. International Journal of Sport Science and Coaching. doi:10.1177/1747954116655049.
17.
HornR. R.WilliamsA. M.ScottM. A. (2002) Learning from demonstrations: The role of visual search during observational learning from video and point-light models. Journal of Sports Sciences20: 253–269.
18.
HornR. R.WilliamsA. M.ScottM. A.HodgesN. J. (2005) Visual search and coordination changes in response to video and point-light demonstrations without KR motion. Journal of Motor Behavior37: 265–275.
19.
JohanssonG. (1973) Visual perception of biological motion and a model for its analysis. Perception and Psychophysics14: 201–211.
LappeM. (2012) Perception of biological motion as motion-from-form. e-Neuroforum3: 67–73. doi:10.1007/s13295-012-0032-y.
22.
MaslovatD.HayesH.HornH.HodgesN. (2010) Motor learning through observation. In: ElliottD.KhanM. (eds) Vision and goal-directed movement: Neurobehavioural perspectives, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, pp. 315–340.
23.
McCullaghP.WeissM. R. (2001) Modeling: Considerations for motor skill performance and psychological responses. In: SingerR. N.HausenblausH. A.JanelleC. M. (eds) Handbook of sport psychology, 2nd ed. New York, NY: Wiley, pp. 205–238.
24.
NormanJ. F.PaytonS. M.LongJ. R.HawkesL. M. (2004) Aging and perception of biological motion. Psychology and Aging19: 29–225.
25.
PollickF. E.KeyJ. W.HeimK.StringerR. (2005) Gender recognition from point-light walkers. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance31: 1247–1265.
26.
RodriguesS. T.FerracioliM. C.DenardiR. A. (2010) Learning a complex motor skill from video and point-light demonstrations. Perceptual & Motor Skills111: 307–323.
27.
ScullyD. M.NewellK. M. (1985) Observational learning and the acquisition of motor skills: Toward a visual perception perspective. Journal of Human Movement Studies11: 169–186.
28.
SheaC. H.WrightD. L.WulfG.WhitacreC. (2000) Physical and observational practice afford unique learning opportunities. Journal of Motor Behaviour32(1): 27–36.
29.
WoutersP.PaasF.van MarrienboerJ. J. G. (2008) Observational learning from animated models: Effects of studying-practicing alternation and illusion of control on transfer. Instructional Science38: 89–104.
