Crop residues (CR) are an important, internally produced resource with several uses on smallholder, mixed crop-livestock farms, including livestock feed, mulch, fuel and construction material. This study sets out to develop a method to estimate the internal shadow value of CR as feed and as mulch for smallholder households. The study uses a South Asia case study as illustration using data from a set of village and household surveys in three different sites. The estimated shadow prices were higher for CR as mulch than for CR as feed at all three sites. These results reject the null hypothesis that the estimated shadow price for CR as feed is greater than the shadow price for CR as mulch. Since the null hypothesis was formed based on observing household behavior, the rejection of the null hypothesis implies that there are other reasons to explain why more households use CR as feed versus as mulch.
AkinolaAAbdoulayeTValbuenaD, et al. (2016) Determinants of crop residue use along an intensification gradient in West Africa’s savannah zones. Tropicultura34:396–410.
2.
BlummelMRaoPP (2006) Economic value of sorghum Stover traded as fodder for urban and Peri-Urban dairy production in Hyderabad, India. International Sorghum and Millets Newsletter47:97–100.
3.
BlümmelMGringsEErensteinO (2013) Potential for dual-purpose maize varieties to meet changing maize demands: synthesis. Field Crops Research153:107–112.
4.
Castellanos-NavarreteATittonellPRufinoMC, et al. (2015) Feeding, crop residue and manure management for integrated soil fertility management—a case study from Kenya. Agricultural Systems134:24–35.
5.
DelgadoCRosegrantMSteinfeldH, et al. (1999a) Livestock to 2020: The next food revolution. Food, Agriculture, and the Environment Discussion Paper 28. Washington DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
6.
DelgadoCLRosegrantMWSteinfeldH, et al. (1999b) The coming livestock revolution. Choices, Fourth Quarter, pp. 40–44.
7.
DerpschRFriedrichTKassamA, et al. (2010) Current status of adoption of no-till farming in the world and some of its main benefits. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering3(1):1–25.
8.
DuncanAJBacheweFMekonnenK, et al. (2016) Crop residue allocation to livestock feed, soil improvement and other uses along a productivity gradient in Eastern Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment228:101–110.
9.
DuncanAJSamaddarABlümmelM (2020) Rice and wheat straw fodder trading in India: possible lessons for rice and wheat improvement. Field Crops Research246:107680.
10.
ErensteinOCA (1999) The economics of soil conservation in developing countries: The case of crop residue mulching. Thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
11.
ErensteinO (2002) Crop residue mulching in tropical and semi-tropical countries: an evaluation of residue availability and other technological implications. Soil & Tillage Research67:115–133.
12.
ErensteinO (2003) Smallholder conservation farming in the tropics and sub-tropics: a guide to the development and dissemination of mulching with crop residues and cover crops. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment100:17–37.
13.
ErensteinO (2011) Cropping systems and crop residue management in the trans-gangetic plains: issues and challenges for conservation agriculture from village surveys. Agricultural Systems104:54–62.
14.
ErensteinOThorpeW (2010) Crop-livestock interactions along agro-ecological gradients: a meso-level analysis in the Indo-Gangetic Plains, India. Environment, Development and Sustainability12:669–689.
15.
ErensteinOGérardBTittonellP (2015) Biomass use trade-offs in cereal cropping systems in the developing world: overview. Agricultural Systems134:1–5.
16.
ErensteinOSamaddarATeufelN, et al. (2011) The paradox of limited maize stover use in India’s smallholder crop-livestock systems. Experimental Agriculture47:677–704.
17.
ErensteinOSayreKWallP, et al. (2012) Conservation agriculture in maize- and wheat-based systems in the (sub)tropics: lessons from adaptation initiatives in South Asia, Mexico, and Southern Africa. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture36:180–206.
18.
GillerKEWitterECorbeelsM, et al. (2009) Conservation agriculture and smallholder farming in Africa: the heretics’ view. Field Crops Research114(1):23–34.
19.
GillerKECorbeelsMNyamangaraJ, et al. (2011) A research agenda to explore the role of conservation agriculture in African smallholder farming systems. Field Crop Research124:468–472.
20.
GowingJWPalmerM (2008) Sustainable agricultural development in sub-Saharan Africa: the case for a paradigm shift in land husbandry. Soil Use and Management24:92–99.
21.
HallABlummelMThorpeW, et al. (2004) Sorghum and Pearl Millet as food-feed-crops in India. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology4:1–15.
22.
HerreroMThorntonPKNotenbaertAM, et al. (2010) Smart investments in sustainable food production: revisiting mixed crop-livestock systems. Science327(5967):822–825.
23.
HobbsPR (2007) Conservation agriculture: what is it and why is it important for future sustainable food production. The Journal of Agricultural Science145:127–137.
24.
Homann-Kee TuiSValbuenaDMasikatiP, et al. (2015) Economic trade-offs of biomass use in crop-livestock systems: Exploring more sustainable options in semi-arid Zimbabwe. Agricultural Systems134:48–60.
25.
JacobyH (1993) Shadow wages and peasant family labor supply: an econometric application to the Peruvian Sierra. The Review of Economic Studies60(October):903–922.
26.
JaletaMKassieMShiferawB (2013) Tradeoffs in crop residue utilization in mixed crop-livestock systems and implications for conservation agriculture. Agricultural Systems121:96–105.
27.
JatHSJatRDNanwalRK, et al. (2020) Energy use efficiency of crop residue management for sustainable energy and agriculture conservation in NW India. Renewable Energy155:1372–1382.
28.
JatRAWaniSPSahrawatKL (2012) Conservation agriculture in the semi-arid tropics: Prospects and problems. Advances in Agronomy117:191–273.
29.
KassamAFriedrichTShaxsonF, et al. (2009) The spread of conservation agriculture: Justification, sustainability and uptake. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability7(4):292–320.
30.
LalR (2006) Enhancing crop yields in the developing countries through restoration of the soil organic carbon pool in agricultural lands. Land Degradation & Development17:197–209.
31.
LarbiASmithJWAdekunleIO, et al. (2002) Crop residues for mulch and feed in crop-;livestock systems: Impact on maize grain yield and soil properties in the West African humid forest and savanna zones. Experimental Agriculture38:253–264.
32.
MagnanNLarsonDMTaylorJE (2012) Stuck on stubble? The non-market value of agricultural byproducts for diversified farmers in Morocco. American Journal of Agricultural Economics94(5):1055–1069.
33.
McDermottJJStaalSJFreemanHA, et al. (2010) Sustaining intensification of smallholder livestock systems in the tropics. Livestock Science130(1):95–109.
34.
MoritzM (2010) Crop-livestock interactions in agricultural and pastoral systems in West Africa. Agriculture and Human Value, 27:119–128.
35.
OwenEJayasuriyaMCN (1989) Use of crop residues as animal feeds in developing countries. Research and Development in Agriculture6(3):129–138.
36.
RaoPHallAJ (2003) Importance of crop residues in crop–livestock systems in India and farmers’ perceptions of fodder quality in coarse cereals. Field Crop Research84:189–198.
37.
ShivelyGFisherM (2004) Smallholder labor and deforestation: a systems approach. American Journal of Agricultural Economics86(5):1361–1366.
38.
SkoufiasE (1994) Using shadow wages to estimate labor supply of agricultural households. American Journal of Agricultural Economics76(May):215–227.
39.
TarawaliSHerreoMDescheemaekerK, et al. (2011) Pathways for sustainable development of mixed crop livestock systems: taking a livestock and pro-poor approach. Livestock Science139:11–21.
40.
TeklewoldH (2012) The impact of shadow prices and farmers’ impatience on the allocation of a multipurpose renewable resource in Ethiopia. Environment and Development Economics17(4):479–505.
41.
ThiombianoLMeshackM (2009) Scaling up Conservation Agriculture in Africa: Strategy and Approaches. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: FAO.
42.
ThorntonPHerreroMEricksenP (2011) Livestock and Climate Change. Livestock Exchange Issue Brief 3. Nairobi, Kenya: International Livestock Research Institute.
43.
TittonellPGérardBErensteinO (2015) Tradeoffs around crop residue biomass in smallholder crop-livestock systems—What’s next?Agricultural Systems134:119–128.
44.
UmarBBAuneJBJohnsenFH, et al. (2011) Options for improving smallholder conservation agriculture in Zambia. The Journal of Agricultural Science3(3):50–62.
45.
ValbuenaDErensteinOHomann-Kee TuiS, et al. (2012) Conservation Agriculture in mixed crop-livestock systems: Scoping crop residue trade-offs in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Field Crops Research132:175–184.
46.
ValbuenaDHomann-Kee TuiSErensteinO, et al. (2015) Identifying determinants, pressures and trade-offs of crop residue use in mixed smallholder farms in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Agricultural Systems134:107–118.
47.
WangB.LiM.WenX., et al. (2020) Distribution characteristics, potential contribution, and management strategy of crop straw and livestock-poultry manure in multi-ethnic regions of China: a critical evaluation. Journal of Cleaner Production274:1–10.
48.
WrightIATarawaliSBlümmelM, et al. (2012) Integrating crops and livestock in subtropical agricultural systems. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture92:1010–1015.
