This study was carried out to assess the factors that predict post-traumatic growth of the adults affected by the earthquake. The sample consisted of 391 participants. Hierarchical regression analysis was performed to determine the variables predicting experiences of post-traumatic growth. Although gender was a significant predictor, there was no significance in its predictive role when analyzed together with coping strategies and social support variables. Death of relatives due to the earthquake significantly predicted post-traumatic growth. In addition, marital status was not a significant predictor when addressed together with demographic variables. However, the findings concluded that being married was a significant predictor when analyzed together with the coping skills and social support variables. Cognitive reappraisal, religious coping strategies and social support were factors that significantly explained post-traumatic growth. Compared to the other variables, social support provided a more significant predictive contribution to explaining post-traumatic growth.
AkbarZ.WitrukE. (2016). Coping mediates the relationship between gender and posttraumatic growth. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 217(1), 1036–1043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.02.102
2.
ArmstrongD.Shakespeare-FinchJ. (2011). Relationship to the bereaved and perceptions of severity of trauma differentiate elements of posttraumatic growth. Omega: The Journal of Death and Dying, 63(2), 125–140. https://doi.org/10.2190/OM.63.2.b
3.
AtikD.İnel ManavA.BozkurtA.CoşkunE. (2022). The transformative power of suffering and the personal meaning of the persons with chronic disease in covid 19 pandemia. Psychiatria Danubina, 34(10), 177–189.
4.
AydoganD.DincerD. (2020). Creating resilient marriage relationships: Self-pruning and the mediation role sacrifice with satisfaction. Current Psychology, 39(2), 500–510. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00472-x
5.
BeagleholeB.BellC.MulderR.BodenJ. (2023). Pathways to post-traumatic growth and post-traumatic stress following the Canterbury earthquakes in a cohort of 40-year-olds. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 57(7), 975–982. https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674221134501
6.
BoyacıoğluN. E.TemelM.ÇaynakS. (2022). Post-traumatic growth in cancer patients: A correlational study in Turkey. Journal of Religion and Health, 61(6), 4366–4381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01574-w
7.
BrodyL. R. (1993). On understanding gender differences in the expression of emotion: Gender roles, socialization, and language. In AblonS. L. (Ed.), Human feelings: Explorations in affect development and meaning (pp. 87–121): Analytic Press., pp.
8.
CalhounL. G.TedeschiR. G. (2006). The handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research and practice. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
9.
CalhounL. G.TedeschiR. G.CannA.HanksE. A. (2010). Positive outcomes following bereavement: Paths to posttraumatic growth. Psychologica Belgica, 50(1–2), 125–143. https://doi.org/10.5334/pb-50-1-2-125
10.
ÇarkoğluA.KalaycıoğluE. (2009). Türkiye’de dindarlık: Uluslararası bir karşılaştırma (pp. 1–43). Sabancı University. Tech. Rep. ID: SU_FASS_2010/0002.
11.
CherryK. E. (Ed.), (2015). Traumatic stress and long-term recovery: Coping with disasters and other negative life events. Springer International Publishing/Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18866-9
DoğanM. (2023). Examining the relationship between psychological resilience and posttraumatic growth: The mediating role of positive and negative religious coping. Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 65(65), 127–162. https://doi.org/10.15370/maruifd.1384192
14.
EismaM. C.LenferinkL. I. M.StroebeM. S.BoelenP. A.SchutH. A. W. (2019). No pain, no gain: Cross-lagged analyses of posttraumatic growth and anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress and prolonged grief symptoms after loss. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 32(3), 231–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2019.1584293
15.
EkerD.ArkarH. (1995). Perceived social support: Psychometric properties of the MSPSS in normal and pathological groups in a developing country. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 30(3), 121–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00802040
16.
EkerD.ArkarH.YaldızH. (2001). Çok Boyutlu Algılanan sosyal destek Ölçeğinin gözden geçirilmiş formunun faktör yapısı, geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 12(1), 17–25.
17.
FraenkelJ. R.WallenN. E. (2006). How to design and evaluate research in education (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
18.
GarcíaF. E.Páez-RoviraD.Cartes ZurtiaG.Neira MartelH.Reyes ReyesA. (2014). Religious coping, social support and subjective severity as predictors of posttraumatic growth in people affected by the earthquake in Chile on 27/2/2010. Religions, 5(4), 1132–1145. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel5041132
19.
Gil-GonzálezI.Pérez-San-GregorioM. Á.Funuyet-SalasJ.ConradR.Martín-RodríguezA. (2023). Significance of post-traumatic growth and mental health for coping in multiple sclerosis caregivers. Health Care, 11(10), 1390. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11101390
20.
HallamW.MorrisR. (2014). Post‐traumatic growth in stroke carers: A comparison of theories. British Journal of Health Psychology, 19(3), 619–635. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12064
21.
HaoR.HanP.WangL.ZhangY. (2023). The effect of the social support on PTSD and PTG about university student volunteers in the prevention and controlling of coronavirus: With coping style as the intermediary. Frontiers in Psychology, 14(2), Article 1152823. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1152823
22.
HensonC.TruchotD.CanevelloA. (2021). What promotes post traumatic growth? A systematic review. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 5(4), Article 100195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2020.100195
23.
HikichiH.TakuK.AidaJ.KondoK.KawchiI. (2024). Longitudinal associations between post-traumatic stress and post-traumatic growth among older adults 11 years after a disaster. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 33(2), Article e33. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796024000362
24.
HydeJ. S.MezulisA. H.AbramsonL. Y. (2008). The ABCs of depression: Integrating affective, biological, and cognitive models to explain the emergence of the gender difference in depression. Psychological Review, 115(2), 291–313. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.115.2.291
25.
JaarsmaT. A.PoolG.SandermanR.RanchorA. V. (2006). Psychometric properties of the Dutch version of the posttraumatic growth inventory among cancer patients. Psycho-Ooncology, 15(10), 911–920. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.1026
26.
JinY.XuJ.LiuD. (2014). The relationship between post traumatic stress disorder and post traumatic growth: Gender differences in PTG and PTSD subgroups. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49(12), 1903–1910. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-014-0865-5
27.
JosephS.LinleyP. A. (2005). Positive adjustment to threatening events: An organismic valuing theory of growth through adversity. Review of General Psychology, 9(3), 262–280. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.3.262b
28.
JoshanlooM. (2014). Differences in the endorsement of various conceptions of well-being between two Iranian groups. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 6(2), 138–149. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035510
29.
JungH. O.HanS. W. (2023). Post-traumatic growth of people who have experienced earthquakes: Qualitative research systematic literature review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13(1), Article 1070681. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1070681
30.
KafesA. Y.ÇillerA.ŞakiroğluM. (2024). Virtual reality supported intervention program for trauma symptoms of individuals who experienced an earthquake: An effectiveness study. Nöro Psikiyatri Arşivi, 61(1), 15–23. https://doi.org/10.29399/npa.28568
31.
KağanM.GüleçM.BoysanM.ÇavuşH. (2012). Travma sonrası büyüme envanteri’nin türkçe versiyonunun normal toplumda hiyerarşik faktör yapısı. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 11(5), 617–624. https://doi.org/10.5455/pmb.1-1323620200
32.
KaniastyK. (2020). Social support, interpersonal, and community dynamics following disasters caused by natural hazards. Current Opinion in Psychology, 32(3), 105–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.07.026
33.
KoenigH. G.LarsonD. B. (2001). Religion and mental health: Evidence for an association. International Review of Psychiatry, 13(2), 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260124661
34.
LakeyB.CohenS. (2000). Social support theory and measurement. In CohenS.UnderwoodL. G.GottliebB. H. (Eds.), Social support measurement and intervention: A guide for health and social scientists (pp. 29–52). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195126709.003.0002
35.
LazarusR.FolkmanS. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping: Springer.
36.
LiJ.SunY.MaccallumF.ChowA. Y. M. (2021). Depression, anxiety and post-traumatic growth among bereaved adults: A latent class analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(1), Article 575311. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.575311
37.
MaX.WanX.ChenC. (2022). The correlation between posttraumatic growth and social support in people with breast cancer: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1060150. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1060150
38.
MengZ.WuX.HanL. (2018). Post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic growth among the adult survivors of the lushan earthquake: Selecting resilience as the moderator. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 27, 524–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.11.016
39.
MystakidouK.TsilikaE.ParpaE.KyriakopoulosD.MalamosN.DamigosD. (2008). Personal growth and psychological distress in advanced breast cancer. The Breast, 17(4), 382–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.breast.2008.01.006
NguyenH.PopeD.HarmsL. (2023). Long-term post-traumatic growth after natural disasters: A scoping review of contextual influences. British Journal of Social Work, 53(5), 2705–2724. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcac240
42.
OuL.ZhangW.FanF.YuanL. (2024). How does active coping affect post‐traumatic growth? An empirical analysis from Lushan earthquake survivors. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 27(4), 982–994. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12652
43.
ÖzbayY. (1993). An investigation of the relationship between adaptational coping process and self-perceived negative feelings on international students [Unpublished doctoral thesis]. Texas Tech University.
44.
ÖzbayY.ŞahinB. (1997). Stresle başa çıkma tutumları envanteri: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Bildiri sunumu]. 4. Ulusal psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik kongresi, Ankara.
45.
PargamentK. I.CummingsJ. (2010). Anchored by faith: Religion as a resilience factor. In ReichJ. W.ZautraA. J.HallJ. S. (Eds.), Handbook of adult resilience (pp. 193–210). The Guilford Press.
ParkC.HarrisV. W. (2023). The impact of attachment styles on attitudes toward marriage: The mediating role of emotional intimacy. The Family Journal, 31(2), 269–277. https://doi.org/10.1177/10664807221124271
48.
ParkC. L. (2005). Religion and meaning. In PaloutzianR. F.ParkC. L. (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (pp. 295–314). The Guilford Press.
49.
Pelacho-RiosL.Bernabe-ValeroG. (2023). The loss of a child, bereavement and the search for meaning: A systematic review of the most recent parental interventions. Current Psychology, 42, 25931–25956. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03703-w
50.
PetersJ.BelletB. W.JonesP. J.WuG. W. Y.WangL.McNallyR. J. (2021). Posttraumatic stress or posttraumatic growth? Using network analysis to explore the relationships between coping styles and trauma outcomes. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 78, Article 102359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102359
51.
PratiG.PietrantoniL. (2009). Optimism, social support, and coping strategies as factors contributing to posttraumatic growth: A meta-analysis. Journal of Loss & Trauma, 14(5), 364–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325020902724271
52.
QasimK.CarsonJ. (2022). Does post-traumatic growth follow parental death in adulthood? An empirical investigation. Omega, 86(1), 25–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222820961956
53.
QuanL.LüB.SunJ.ZhaoX.SangQ. (2022). The relationship between childhood trauma and post-traumatic growth among college students: The role of acceptance and positive reappraisal. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 921362. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.921362
54.
RamosC.LealI. (2013). Posttraumatic growth in the aftermath of trauma: A literature review about related factors and application contexts. Psychology, Community & Health, 2(1), 43–54. https://doi.org/10.5964/pch.v2i1.39
55.
SchaeferJ. A.MoosR. H. (1998). The context for posttraumatic growth: Life crises, individual and social resources, and coping. In TedeschiR. G.ParkC. L.CalhounL. G. (Eds.), Posttraumatic growth: Positive changes in the aftermath of crisis (pp. 99–126): Lawrence Erlbaum.
56.
SchaeferJ. A.MoosR. H. (1992). Life crises and personal growth. In CarpenterB. N. (Ed.), Personal coping: Theory, research, and application (pp. 149–170): Praeger.
57.
SeoH.LeeO. (2020). Mediating role of post-traumatic stress disorder in post-traumatic growth in adults who experienced the 2017 Pohang earthquake. Journal of Affective Disorders, 263(1), 246–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.162
58.
SergienkoA. I.KholmogorovaA. B. (2019). Post-traumatic growth and coping strategies of parents of children with disabilities. Konsul'tativnaia psikhologiia i psikhoterapiia, 27(2), 8–26. https://doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2019270202
59.
Shakespeare-FinchJ.ArmstrongD. (2010). Trauma type and posttrauma outcomes: Differences between survivors of motor vehicle accidents, sexual assault, and bereavement. Journal of Loss & Trauma, 15(2), 69–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325020903373151
TabachnickB. G.FidellL. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Allyn & Bacon/Pearson Education.
62.
TanJ.AndriessenK. (2021). The experiences of grief and personal growth in university students: A qualitative study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1899. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041899
63.
TaşM. A. (2022). Acının Dönüştürücü Gücünün yaşamın anlamına etkisi. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23(2), 403–414. https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.1185461
64.
TedeschiR. G.CalhounL. G. (1996). The Posttraumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), 455–472. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02103658
65.
TedeschiR. G.CalhounL. G. (2004). Target article: posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1501_01
66.
TedeschiR. G.MooreB. A. (2021). Posttraumatic growth as an integrative therapeutic philosophy. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 31(2), 180–194. https://doi.org/10.1037/int0000250
67.
WangZ.XuJ. (2016). A cross-sectional study on risk factors of posttraumatic stress disorder in Shidu parents of the Sichuan earthquake. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(9), 2915–2923. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0454-1
68.
WerdelM. B.Dy-LiaccoG. S.CiarrocchiJ. W.WicksR. J.BreslfordG. M. (2014). The unique role of spirituality in the process of growth following stress and trauma. Pastoral Psychology, 63(1), 57–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-013-0538-4
69.
WlodarczykA.BasabeN.PáezD.AmutioA.GarcíaF. E.ReyesC.VillagránL. (2016). Positive effects of communal coping in the aftermath of a collective trauma: The case of the 2010 Chilean earthquake. European Journal of Education and Psychology, 9(1), 9–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejeps.2015.08.001
70.
WuX.ZhouX.WuY.AnY. (2015). The role of rumination in posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth among adolescents after the wenchuan earthquake. Frontiers in Psychology, 6(1), 1335. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01335
71.
XueS.XuW. (2023). Perceived social support and post-traumatic growth 12 years after the wenchuan earthquake: A moderated mediation of belief in a just world and gender. Current Psychology, 42(32), 28242–28252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03843-z
72.
YedirirS.HamartaE. (2015). Emotional expression and spousal support as predictors of marital satisfaction: The case of Turkey. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 15(6), 1549–1558. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2015.6.2822
73.
ZhouX.WuX.ZhenR. (2017). Understanding the relationship between social support and posttraumatic stress disorder/posttraumatic growth among adolescents after Ya’an earthquake: The role of emotion regulation. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 9(2), 214–221. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000213
74.
ZimetG. D.DahlemN. W.ZimetS. G.FarleyG. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30–41. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2
75.
ZoellnerT.MaerckerA. (2006). Posttraumatic growth in clinical psychology - A critical review and introduction of a two component model. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(5), 626–653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.01.008
