Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the effect of forgiveness psychoeducation on forgiveness, self-compassion and death anxiety in cancer patients. A randomized controlled experimental design with pre-test, post-test and one month follow-up was used. The study sample consisted of 28 cancer patients (experimental: 14, control: 14). Data were collected using a personal information form, the Forgiveness Scale, the Short Form of the Self-Compassion Scale, and the Death Anxiety Scale. The results showed that the experimental group had significantly higher post-test and follow-up mean scores for forgiveness and self-compassion compared to the control group (p < .05). In addition, the post-test and follow-up mean scores for death anxiety were significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group (p < .05). The study concluded that forgiveness psychoeducation increases forgiveness and self-compassion and reduces death anxiety in cancer patients. Based on these results, it is recommended that forgiveness psychoeducation programmes be implemented.

Keywords

forgiveness cancer self compassion death anxiety psychiatric nursing

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Akça

Köse

İ. A.

(2008). Ölüm kaygısı ölçeğinin uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 11(1), 7–16.

Aktürk

Şahin

(2014). Ölümle çok karşılaşan servislerde çalışan hemşirelerle meslekleri gereği ölümle karşılaşmayan kişilerde ölüm kaygısı, sürekli kaygı ve umutsuzluk düzeylerinin karşılaştırılması. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(7), 9–23.

American Cancer Society . (2012). Cancer facts & figures. Retrieved October 20, 2024, from. https://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@epidemiologysurveilance/documents/document/acspc-031941.pdf

Baker

D. A.

Caswell

H. L.

Eccles

F. J. R.

(2019). Self-compassion and depression, anxiety, and resilience in adults with epilepsy. Epilepsy and Behavior: E&B, 90, 154–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.11.025

Baker

(2005). Facilitating forgiveness and peaceful closure: The therapeutic value of psychosocial intervention in end-of-life care. Journal of Social Work in End-of-Life and Palliative Care, 1(4), 83–95. https://doi.org/10.1300/J457v01n03_06

Brooker

Julian

Millar

Prince

H. M.

Kenealy

Herbert

Graham

Smith

Kissane

Taylor

Frydenberg

Porter

Fletcher

Haines

Burney

(2020). A feasibility and acceptability study of an adaptation of the Mindful Self-Compassion program for adult cancer patients. Palliative & Supportive Care, 18(2), 130–140. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1478951519000737

Campo

R. A.

Bluth

Santacroce

S. J.

Knapik

Tan

Gold

Philips

Gaylord

Asher

G. N.

(2017). A mindful self-compassion videoconference intervention for nationally recruited posttreatment young adult cancer survivors: Feasibility, acceptability, and psychosocial outcomes. Supportive Care in Cancer, 25(6), 1759–1768. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-017-3586-y

Chan

Y. H.

(2003). Biostatistics 101: Data presentation. Singapore Medical Journal, 44(6), 280–285.

Cohen

(1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum.

10.

Davis

J. A.

(1971). Elementary survey analysis. Prentice-Hall.

11.

Dedeli

Yıldız

Yüksel

(2016). Assessing the spiritual needs and practices of oncology patients in Turkey. Holistic Nursing Practice, 29(2), 103–113. https://doi.org/10.1097/HNP.0000000000000070

12.

Emafti

M. F.

Hedayatizadeh-Omran

Noroozi

Janbabai

Tatari

Modanloo

(2019). The effect of group logotherapy on spirituality and death anxiety of patients with cancer: An open-label randomized clinical trial. Iran Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 13(3), Article e93572. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpbs.93572

13.

Enright

R. D.

Gassin

E. A.

(1992). Forgiveness: A developmental view. Journal of Moral Education, 21(2), 99–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305724920210202

14.

Ersanlı

Batık

M. V.

(2015). Development of the forgiveness scale: A study of reliability and validity. Turkish Studies - International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 10(7), 19–32. https://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.8201

15.

Fan

Zhang

(2017). Rank repeated measures analysis of covariance. Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods, 46(3), 1158–1183. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610926.2015.1047468

16.

Ferrell

Otis-Green

Baird

R. P.

Garcia

(2014). Nurses’ responses to requests for forgiveness at the end of life. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 47(3), 631–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2013.05.009

17.

Gilbert

(2014). The origins and nature of compassion-focused therapy. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53(1), 6–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12043

18.

Hansen

M. J.

Enright

R. D.

Baskin

T. W.

Klatt

(2009). A palliative care intervention in forgiveness therapy for elderly terminally-ill cancer patients. Forgiveness Therapy as Palliative Care, 25(1), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/082585970902500106

19.

Heidary

Heshmati

Hayes

(2023). Effect of group logotherapy on anxiety about death and existential loneliness in patients with advanced cancer: A randomized controlled trial. Cancer Nursing, 46(1), E21–E30. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCC.0000000000001086

20.

Hoffman

Baker

(2023). Effects of mindful self-compassion program on psychological well-being and levels of compassion in people affected by breast cancer. Alternative Therapies in Health & Medicine, 29(6), 36–41.

21.

Kirby

J. N.

Tellegen

C. L.

Steindl

S. R.

(2017). A meta-analysis of compassion-based interventions: Current state of knowledge and future directions. Behavior Therapy, 48(6), 778–792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2017.06.003

22.

Kongsuwan

Locsin

R. C.

(2009). Promoting peaceful death in the intensive care unit in Thailand. International Nursing Review, 56(1), 116–122. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-7657.2008.00674.x

23.

Lau

B. H. P.

Wong

D. F.

Fung

Y. L.

Zhou

Chan

C. L.

Chow

A. Y.

(2018). Facing death alone or together? Investigating the interdependence of death anxiety, dysfunctional attitudes, and quality of life in patient-caregiver dyads confronting lung cancer. Psycho-Oncology, 27(8), 2045–2051. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4773

24.

Liu

C. J.

Hsiung

P. C.

Chang

K. J.

Liu

Y. F.

Wang

K. C.

Hsiao

F. H.

Chan

C. L. W.

(2008). A study on the efficacy of body-mind-spirit group therapy for patients with breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17(19), 2539–2549. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02296.x

25.

Mifsud

Pehlivan

M. J.

Fam

O’Grady

van Steensel

Elder

Gilchrist

Sherman

K. A.

(2021). Feasibility and pilot study of a brief self-compassion intervention addressing body image distress in breast cancer survivors. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine, 9(1), 498–526. https://doi.org/10.1080/21642850.2021.1929236

26.

Neff

(2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860390209035

27.

Noyan

A. M.

(2016). Akciğer kanserlerinde depresyon, anksiyete, post-travmatik stres bozukluğu. In Gülhan

Yılmaz

Ü.

(Eds.), Akciğer kanserinde destek tedavisi (pp. 338–349): Probiz Ltd. Şti.

28.

Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey . (2010). Regulation on nursing of the ministry of health of the republic of Türkiye. Retrieved October 20, 2024, from. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=13830&MevzuatTur=7&MevzuatTertip=5

29.

Onyechi

K. C. N.

Onuigbo

L. N.

Eseadi

Ikechukwu-Ilomuanya

A. B.

Nwaubani

O. O.

Umoke

P. C. I.

Utoh-Ofong

A. N.

Otu

M. S.

(2016). Effects of rational-emotive hospice care therapy on problematic assumptions, death anxiety, and psychological distress in a sample of cancer patients and their family caregivers in Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(9), 929. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13090929

30.

Özkan

Alçalar

(2009). Meme kanserinin cerrahi tedavisine psikolojik tepkiler. Meme Sağlığı Dergisi, 5(2), 60–63.

31.

Przezdziecki

Sherman

K. A.

(2016). Modifying affective and cognitive responses regarding body image difficulties in breast cancer survivors using a self-compassion-based writing intervention. Mindfulness, 7(5), 1142–1155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0557-1

32.

Raes

Pommier

Neff

K. D.

Van Gucht

(2011). Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the self-compassion scale. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(3), 250–255. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.702

33.

Renz

Bueche

Reichmuth

Schuett

M. M.

Renz

Siebenrock

Strasser

(2019). Forgiveness and reconciliation processes in dying patients with cancer. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, 37(3), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049909119867675

34.

Şahin

Demirkıran

(2023). Affetme kavramı ve hemşirelik. İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(1), 201–208.

35.

Şahin

Demirkıran

(2024). The effect of forgiveness psychoeducation on death anxiety, caregiver burden, and forgiveness tendencies in caregivers of patients at the end of life: A randomized controlled trial. Cancer Nursing, 30, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCC.0000000000001410

36.

Salajegheh

Raghibi

(2014). The effect of combined therapy of spiritual-cognitive group therapy on death anxiety in patients with cancer. Journal of Shahid Sadoughi Sciences of Medical University, 22(2), 1130–1139.

37.

Şenol

(1989). Ankara ilinde kurumlarda yaşayan yaşlılarda ölüme ilişkin kaygı ve korkular [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.

38.

Shao

A. T.

(2002). Marketing research: An aid to decision making. Thomson Learning.

39.

Siwik

C. J.

Phillips

Zimmaro

Salmon

Sephton

S. E.

(2021). Depressive symptoms among patients with lung cancer: Elucidating the roles of shame, guilt, and self-compassion. Journal of Health Psychology, 27(5), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105320988331

40.

Templer

D. I.

(1970). The construction and validation of a death anxiety scale. The Journal of General Psychology, 82(2), 165–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.1970.9920634

41.

Toussaint

Barry

Bornfriend

Markman

(2014). Restore: The journey toward self-forgiveness: A randomized trial of patient education on self-forgiveness in cancer patients and caregivers. Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy, 20(2), 54–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/08854726.2014.902714

42.

Uslu

F. S.

Terzioğlu

Koç

(2018). Hopelessness, death anxiety, and social support of hospitalized patients with gynecologic cancer and their caregivers. Cancer Nursing, 42(5), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCC.000000000000062

43.

Van Vlierberghe

(2019). Self-critique and self-compassion among cancer patients [Master's Thesis]. University of Twente.

44.

Worthington

E. L.

(2001). Five steps to forgiveness: The art and science of forgiving (1st ed.). Crown.

45.

Wren

A. A.

Shelby

R. A.

Soo

M. S.

Huysmans

Jarosz

J. A.

Keefe

F. J.

(2019). Preliminary efficacy of a loving-kindness meditation intervention for patients undergoing biopsy and breast cancer surgery: A randomized controlled pilot study. Supportive Care in Cancer, 27(9), 3583–3592. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-019-4657-z

46.

Yıldırım

Sarı

(2018). Öz-Şefkat Ölçeği Kısa Formu’nun Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(4), 2502–2517. https://doi.org/10.17240/aibuefd.2018.18.41844-452171

The Effect of Forgiveness Psychoeducation on Forgiveness,Self-Compassion and Death Anxiety in Cancer Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References