Posttraumatic growth (PTG) is a positive psychological change experienced after trauma and it has gained global recognition in recent years. The present study aimed to validate a South Korean version of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory–Expanded (K-PTGI-X) for use with trauma-exposed and bereaved samples. A national sample comprising South Korean adults was used for the analysis. As a result, the 4-factor bi-factor model was best supported in both the trauma and bereaved groups in terms of personal strength, new possibilities, spiritual–existential change, and being able to relate to others. Additionally, the K-PTGI-X showed satisfying reliability, concurrent validity, and discriminant validity. Lastly, regarding the group differences, women showed higher rates of PTG than men and the bereaved group exhibited higher spiritual and existential growth in the PTG than the trauma group. Given these results, implications for adaptation in various fields when assessing and encouraging PTG in practical settings are discussed.
AbdullahM. F. I. L.HamiR.AppalanaidoG. K.AzmanN.Mohd ShariffN.Md SharifS. S. (2017). Validation of the Malay version of the snyder hope scale among Malaysian cancer patients. Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia, 16(01), 95–102. https://doi.org/10.17576/jskm-2018-1601-12
2.
AchterhofR.DorahyM. J.RowlandsA.RenoufC.BrittE.CarterJ. D. (2018). Predictors of posttraumatic growth 10–11 months after a fatal earthquake. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 10(2), 208–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000286
BellizziK. M. (2004). Expressions of generativity and posttraumatic growth in adult cancer survivors. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 58(4), 267–287. https://doi.org/10.2190/dc07-cpvw-4uve-5gk0
5.
BiancalaniG.AzzolaC.SassuR.MarognaC.TestoniI. (2022). Spirituality for coping with the trauma of a loved one’s death during the COVID-19 pandemic: An Italian qualitative study. Pastoral Psychology, 71(2), 173–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-021-00989-8
6.
BlevinsC. A.WeathersF. W.DavisM. T.WitteT. K.DominoJ. L. (2015). The posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM‐5 (PCL‐5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(6), 489–498. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22059
7.
BosmansM. W. G.KomproeI. H.van LoeyN. E.van der KnaapL. M.BenightC. C.van der VeldenP. G. (2017). Assessing perceived ability to cope with trauma: A multigroup validity study of a 7-item coping self-efficacy scale. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 33(1), 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000266
8.
BoyrazG.EfstathiouN. (2011). Self-focused attention, meaning, and posttraumatic growth: The mediating role of positive and negative affect for bereaved women. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 16(1), 13–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2010.507658
9.
BüchiS.MörgeliH.SchnyderU.JeneweinJ.HeppU.JinaE.NeuhausR.FauchèreJ. C.BucherH. U.SenskyT. (2007). Grief and post-traumatic growth in parents 2–6 years after the death of their extremely premature baby. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 76(2), 106–114. https://doi.org/10.1159/000097969
10.
CadellS.SuarezE.HemsworthD. (2015). Reliability and validity of a French version of the posttraumatic growth inventory. Open Journal of Medical Psychology, 04(02), 53–65. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojmp.2015.42006
11.
CalhounL. G.TedeschiR. G. (2006). The foundations of posttraumatic growth: An expanded framework. In CalhounL. G.TedeschiR. G. (Eds.), Handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research and practice (pp. 1–23). Erlbaum.
CannA.CalhounL. G.TedeschiR. G.TakuK.VishnevskyT.TriplettK. N.DanhauerS. C. (2010). A short form of the posttraumatic growth inventory. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 23(2), 127–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800903094273
14.
CaptariL. E.RiggsS. A.StephenK. (2021). Attachment processes following traumatic loss: A mediation model examining identity distress, shattered assumptions, prolonged grief, and posttraumatic growth. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 13(1), 94–103. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000555
15.
Casellas-GrauA.OchoaC.RuiniC. (2017). Psychological and clinical correlates of posttraumatic growth in cancer: A systematic and critical review. Psycho-Oncology, 26(12), 2007–2018. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4426
16.
CastroM. C.DelgadoJ. B.AlvaradoE. R.RoviraD. P. (2015). Spanish adaptation and validation of the posttraumatic growth inventory–short form. Violence and Victims, 30(5), 756–769. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-13-00165
17.
ChenC.TangS. (2021). Profiles of grief, post-traumatic stress, and post-traumatic growth among people bereaved due to COVID-19. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1947563. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1947563
18.
CicchettiD. V. (1994). Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology. Psychological Assessment, 6(4), 284–290. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.6.4.284
19.
CleareS.GumleyA.CleareC. J.O’ConnorR. C. (2018). An investigation of the factor structure of the self-compassion scale. Mindfulness, 9(2), 618–628. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0803-1
20.
CoroiuA.KörnerA.BurkeS.MeterissianS.SabistonC. M. (2016). Stress and posttraumatic growth among survivors of breast cancer: A test of curvilinear effects. International Journal of Stress Management, 23(1), 84–97. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039247
CurranP. J.WestS. G.FinchJ. F. (1996). The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 1(1), 16–29. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989x.1.1.16
23.
ExenbergerS.SteidlA.KamaraA.HuberA. (2022). Exploring posttraumatic growth in Sierra Leone using mixed methods. Journal of Happiness Studies, 23(2), 689–711. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-021-00419-9
24.
FelixE.AfifiT.Kia-KeatingM.BrownL.AfifiW.ReyesG. (2015). Family functioning and posttraumatic growth among parents and youth following wildfire disasters. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 85(2), 191–200. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000054
25.
GuH.WenZ.FanX. (2017). Examining and controlling for wording effect in a self-report measure: A Monte Carlo simulation study. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 24(4), 545–555. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2017.1286228
26.
HensonC.TruchotD.CanevelloA.AndelaM. (2022). Psychometric properties of a European French version of the PTGI. Research on Social Work Practice, 32(8), 993–1002. https://doi.org/10.1177/10497315221101906
27.
HirookaK.FukahoriH.TakuK.TogariT.OgawaA. (2018). Examining posttraumatic growth among bereaved family members of patients with cancer who received palliative care at home. The American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care, 35(2), 211–217. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049909117703358
28.
HoS. M.ChanC. L.HoR. T. (2004). Posttraumatic growth in Chinese cancer survivors. Psycho-Oncology, 13(6), 377–389. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.758
29.
HoganN. S.SchmidtL. A. (2015). Inventory of social support (ISS) In Techniques of grief therapy (pp. 99–102). Routledge.
30.
JaarsmaT. A.PoolG.SandermanR.RanchorA. V. (2006). Psychometric properties of the Dutch version of the posttraumatic growth inventory among cancer patients. Psycho-Oncology, 15(10), 911–920. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.1026
31.
Janoff-BulmanR. (1989). Assumptive worlds and the stress of traumatic events: Applications of the schema construct. Social Cognition, 7(2), 113–136. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.1989.7.2.113
32.
JinY.XuJ.LiuH.LiuD. (2014). Posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth among adult survivors of Wenchuan earthquake after 1 year: Prevalence and correlates. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 28(1), 67–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2013.10.010
33.
JoaquimR. M.PintoA. L.GuatimosimR. F.de PaulaJ. J.Souza CostaD.DiazA. P.da SilvaA. G.PinheiroM. I.SerpaA. L.MirandaD. M.Malloy-DinizL. F.Malloy-DinizL. F. (2021). Bereavement and psychological distress during COVID-19 pandemics: The impact of death experience on mental health. Current Research in Behavioral Sciences, 2, 100019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crbeha.2021.100019
JosephS.Alex LinleyP.HarrisG. J. (2004). Understanding positive change following trauma and adversity: Structural clarification. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 10(1), 83–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325020490890741
36.
JosephS.LinleyP. A. (Eds.), (2008). Trauma, recovery, and growth: Positive psychological perspectives on posttraumatic stress. John Wiley and Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118269718
37.
KangH. S.LeeD. H. (2017). Korean version of the prolonged grief disorder scale (PG-13-K): A validation study. The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 29(4), 1027–1052. https://doi.org/10.23844/kjcp.2017.11.29.4.1027
KhechuashviliL. (2018). Psychometric properties of the Georgian expanded version of the posttraumatic growth inventory. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 23(8), 659–671. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2018.1498202
40.
KhursheedM.ShahnawazM. G. (2020). Trauma and post-traumatic growth: Spirituality and self-compassion as mediators among parents who lost their young children in a protracted conflict. Journal of Religion and Health, 59(5), 2623–2637. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-00980-2
41.
KimS. H.ShinE. J.ShinJ. Y.LeeD. H.LeeD. H. (2020). Importance of pancreatic duct stenting and enteral feeding in treatment algorithm of pancreatic fluid collections. Clinical Endoscopy, 53(3), 253–254. https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2020.112
42.
Konkolÿ ThegeB.KovácsÉ.BalogP. (2014). A bifactor model of the posttraumatic growth inventory. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine, 2(1), 529–540. https://doi.org/10.1080/21642850.2014.905208
43.
LandiG.PakenhamK. I.MattioliE.CrocettiE.AgostiniA.GrandiS.TossaniE. (2022). Post-traumatic growth in people experiencing high post-traumatic stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: The protective role of psychological flexibility. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 26, 44–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.08.008
44.
LangG.BachingerA. (2017). Validation of the German warwick-edinburgh mental well-being scale (WEMWBS) in a community-based sample of adults in Austria: A bi-factor modelling approach. Journal of Public Health, 25(2), 135–146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-016-0778-8
45.
LauJ. T.YeungN. C.YuX.ZhangJ.MakW. W.LuiW. W.ZhangJ. (2015). Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the revised posttraumatic growth inventory for children (PTGI-CR). Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, 27(2), NP1310–NP1320. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539513479967
46.
LeeD. H.GuM. J.KwonW. H.KimS. H. (2020). A study on reliability and validity of the Korean version of PCL-5 (posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5) for adults. The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 32(2), 559–582. https://doi.org/10.23844/kjcp.2020.05.32.2.559
47.
LoweS. R.ManoveE. E.RhodesJ. E. (2013). Posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic growth among low-income mothers who survived Hurricane Katrina. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81(5), 877–889. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033252
48.
McCaslinS. E.de ZoysaP.ButlerL. D.HartS.MarmarC. R.MetzlerT. J.KoopmanC. (2009). The relationship of posttraumatic growth to peritraumatic reactions and posttrau- matic stress symptoms among Sri Lankan university students. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22(4), 334–339. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20426
49.
McClatcheyI. S. (2020). Trauma-informed care and posttraumatic growth among bereaved youth: A pilot study. Omega, 82(2), 196–213. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222818804629
50.
MesidorJ. K.WhaleyA. L. (2022). Psychometric analysis of the haitian creole version of the posttraumatic growth inventory (PTGI) among the 2010 earthquake survivors. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 27(2), 159–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2021.1920764
51.
MillerA. S.StarkR. (2002). Gender and religiousness: Can socialization explanations be saved? American Journal of Sociology,107(6), 1399–1423. https://doi.org/10.1086/342557
52.
MooreB. A.TedeschiR. G.GreeneT. C. (2021). A preliminary examination of a posttraumatic growth-based program for veteran mental health. Practice Innovations, 6(1), 42–54. https://doi.org/10.1037/pri0000136
53.
NaginD. S.NaginD. (2005). Group-based modeling of development. Harvard University Press.
54.
O’GradyK. A.RollisonD. G.HannaT. S.Schreiber-PanH.RuizM. A. (2012). Earthquake in Haiti: Relationship with the sacred in times of trauma. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 40(4), 289–301. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164711204000404
55.
ParkJ. E.KimW. H.RohD.WonS. D.KimH. K.KangS. H.ChaeJ. H. (2016). Workbook for assessment in disaster behavioral health (pp. 5–6). Korean Academy of Anxiety and Mood.
56.
ParkS. J.ChoiH. R.ChoiJ. H.KimK. W.HongJ. P. (2010). Reliability and validity of the Korean version of the patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Anxiety and Mood, 6(2), 119–124.
57.
PowellS.RosnerR.ButolloW.TedeschiR. G.CalhounL. G. (2003). Posttraumatic growth after war: A study with former refugees and displaced people in sarajevo. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(1), 71–83. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10117
58.
PratiG.PietrantoniL. (2014). Italian adaptation and confirmatory factor analysis of the full and the short form of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 19(1), 12–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2012.734203
59.
PrigersonH. G.BoelenP. A.XuJ.SmithK. V.MaciejewskiP. K. (2021). Validation of the new DSM‐5‐TR criteria for prolonged grief disorder and the PG‐13‐Revised (PG‐13‐R) scale. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 20(1), 96–106. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20823
60.
PrigersonH. G.FrankE.KaslS. V.ReynoldsC. F.AndersonB.ZubenkoG. S.HouckP. R.GeorgeC. J.KupferD. J.KupferD. J. (1995). Complicated grief and bereavement-related depression as distinct disorders: Preliminary empirical validation in elderly bereaved spouses. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(1), 22–30. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.152.1.22
61.
PrigersonH. G.HorowitzM. J.JacobsS. C.ParkesC. M.AslanM.GoodkinK.RaphaelB.MarwitS. J.WortmanC.NeimeyerR. A.BonannoG. A.BlockS. D.KissaneD.BoelenP.MaerckerA.LitzB. T.JohnsonJ. G.FirstM. B.MaciejewskiP. K.MaciejewskiP. K. (2009). Prolonged grief disorder: Psychometric validation of criteria proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11. PLoS Medicine, 6(8), e1000121. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000121
62.
QianW.TangR.JiaoK.XuX.ZouX.WangJ. (2022). Growing in suffering: The curvilinear relationship between prolonged grief and post-traumatic growth of recently bereaved individual during the COVID-19 pandemic. OMEGA—Journal of Death and Dying, 003022282211419. https://doi.org/10.1177/00302228221141937
63.
RafteryA. E. (1995). Bayesian model selection in social research. Sociological Methodology, 25, 111–163. https://doi.org/10.2307/271063
64.
Roden-ForemanK.RobinsonR.BennettM.RoatenK.PetreyL.PowersM. B.WarrenA. M. (2018). Posttraumatic growth in a heterogeneous sample of traumatically injured patients 1year postinjury. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74(6), 989–1003. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22563
65.
RodriguezA.ReiseS. P.HavilandM. G. (2016). Applying bifactor statistical indices in the evaluation of psychological measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98(3), 223–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2015.1089249
66.
SchneiderS.RasulR.LiuB.CorryD.Lieberman-CribbinW.WatsonA.KerathS. M.TaioliE.SchwartzR. M.SchwartzR. M. (2019). Examining posttraumatic growth and mental health difficulties in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 11(2), 127–136. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000400
67.
SeoJ. G.ParkS. P. (2015). Validation of the generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7) and GAD-2 in patients with migraine. The Journal of Headache and Pain, 16(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-015-0583-8
68.
SheikhA. I.MarottaS. A. (2005). A cross-validation study of the posttraumatic growth inventory. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 38(2), 66–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2005.11909769
69.
SijtsmaK. (2009). On the use, the misuse, and the very limited usefulness of Cronbach’s alpha. Psychometrika, 74(1), 107–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-008-9101-0
70.
SongS. H.LeeH. S.ParkJ. H.KimG. H. (2009). Validity and reliability of the Korean version of the posttraumatic growth inventory. Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 14(1), 193–214. https://doi.org/10.17315/kjhp.2009.14.1.012
71.
SpitzerR. L.KroenkeK.WilliamsJ. B.Patient Health Questionnaire Primary Care Study Group. (1999). Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: The PHQ primary care study. Jama, 282(18), 1737–1744. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.18.1737
72.
SpitzerR. L.KroenkeK.WilliamsJ. B.LöweB. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092–1097. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
StuckyB. D.ThissenD.Orlando EdelenM. (2013). Using logistic approximations of marginal trace lines to develop short assessments. Applied Psychological Measurement, 37(1), 41–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146621612462759
75.
TakuK.CalhounL. G.TedeschiR. G.Gil-RivasV.KilmerR. P.CannA. (2007). Examining posttraumatic growth among Japanese university students. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 20(4), 353–367. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800701295007
76.
TakuK.CannA.CalhounL. G.TedeschiR. G. (2008). The factor structure of the posttraumatic growth inventory: A comparison of five models using confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21(2), 158–164. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20305
77.
TakuK.CannA.TedeschiR. G.CalhounL. G. (2017). Psychoeducational intervention program about posttraumatic growth for Japanese high school students. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 22(4), 271–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2017.1284504
78.
TakuK.PrioleauP. G.AndersonD. S.TakeguchiY.SekineH.MaedaM.YabeH.YanagisawaR. T.KatzC. L.KatzC. L. (2018). Medical student reactions to disaster after the 2011 great east Japan earthquake: Motivation and posttraumatic growth. The Psychiatric Quarterly, 89(4), 1007–1018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-018-9601-8
79.
TedeschiR. G.CalhounL. G. (1995). Trauma and transformation: Growing in the aftermath of suffering. Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483326931
80.
TedeschiR. G.CalhounL. G. (1996). The posttraumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), 455–471. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02103658
81.
TedeschiR. G.CalhounL. G. (2004). Target article: Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1501_01
82.
TedeschiR. G.CannA.TakuK.Senol‐DurakE.CalhounL. G. (2017). The posttraumatic growth inventory: A revision integrating existential and spiritual change. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 30(1), 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22155
TsaiW. I.KuoS. C.WenF. H.PrigersonH. G.TangS. T. (2018). Prolonged grief disorder and depression are distinct for caregivers across their first bereavement year. Psycho‐oncology, 27(3), 1027–1034. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4629
85.
Üzar-ÖzçetinY. S.HiçdurmazD. (2019). Effects of an empowerment program on resilience and posttraumatic growth levels of cancer survivors: A randomized controlled feasibility trial. Cancer Nursing, 42(6), E1–E13. https://doi.org/10.1097/ncc.0000000000000644
86.
Van BruggenV.Ten KloosterP. M.Van der AaN.SmithA. J.WesterhofG. J.GlasG. (2018). Structural validity of the world assumption scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 31(6), 816–825. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22348
87.
Van der HallenR.GodorB. P. (2022). COVID-19 pandemic-related posttraumatic growth in a small cohort of university students: A 1-year longitudinal study. Psychiatry Research, 312, 114541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114541
88.
WeathersF. W.LitzB. T.KeaneT. M.PalmieriP. A.MarxB. P.SchnurrP. P. (2013). The PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Scale from the national center for PTSD. US Department of Veterans Affairs.
89.
WeathersF. W.LitzB. T.HermanD. S.HuskaJ. A.KeaneT. M. (1993). The PTSD checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility (462). San Antonio, TX: Annual Convention of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.
90.
WeissT.BergerR. (2006). Reliability and validity of a Spanish version of the posttraumatic growth inventory. Research on Social Work Practice, 16(2), 191–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731505281374
91.
XuX.WenJ.ZhouN.ShiG.TangR.WangJ.SkritskayaN. A. (2020). Grief and posttraumatic growth among Chinese bereaved parents who lost their only child: The moderating role of interpersonal loss. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 558313. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.558313
92.
YuW.HeL.XuW.WangJ.PrigersonH. G. (2016). Continuing bonds and bereavement adjustment among bereaved mainland Chinese. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 204(10), 758–763. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000550
93.
YuX. N.LauJ. T.ZhangJ.MakW. W.ChoiK. C.LuiW. W.ZhangJ.ChanE. Y. Y. (2010). Posttraumatic growth and reduced suicidal ideation among adolescents at month 1 after the Sichuan earthquake. Journal of Affective Disorders, 123(1–3), 327–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.09.019
94.
ZhouX.WuX.ZhenR. (2018). Self-esteem and hope mediate the relations between social support and post-traumatic stress disorder and growth in adolescents following the Ya’an earth-quake. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 31(1), 32–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2017.1374376
95.
ZiębaM.WiechećK.Biegańska-BanaśJ.Mieleszczenko-KowszewiczW. (2019). Coexistence of post-traumatic growth and post-traumatic depreciation in the aftermath of trauma: Qualitative and quantitative narrative analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 687. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00687
