Beattie, I. (1986). Modeling operations and algorithms. Arithmetic Teacher, 33(6), 23-32.
2.
Calderhead, J. (1989). Reflective teaching and reflective education. Teaching and Teacher Education5(2), 43-45 1.
3.
Clark, B. I. (1995). Understanding teaching: An interactive multimedia professional development observational tool for teachers. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.
4.
Hatfield, M. M. (1994). Use of manipulative devices: Elementary school cooperating teachers self-report. School Science and Mathematics, 94(6), 303-309.
5.
Hatfield, M. M. , & Bitter, G. G. (1994). A multimedia approach to the professional development of teachers: A virtual classroom. In D. Achiele (Ed.), Technology in professional development (pp. 102-115). Reston, VA: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
6.
Herbert E. (1986). One point of view: Manipulatives are good mathematics!Arithmetic Teacher, 32(6), 4.
7.
Lortie, D. C. (1975). Schoolteacher: A sociological study. Chicago: University of Chicago.
8.
McDiarmid, G. W. , Ball, D. L., & Anderson, C. W. (1989). Why staying one chapter ahead doesn't really work: Subject-specific pedagogy. In M. C. Reynolds (Ed.), Knowledge base for the beginning teacher (pp. 193-205). New York: Pergamon.
9.
National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (1989). Curriculum and evaluation standards for school mathematics. Reston, VA: Author.
10.
National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (1991). Professional standards for teaching mathematics. Reston, VA: Author.
11.
National Research Council (1989). Everybody counts: A report to the nation on the future of mathematics education. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
12.
Randolph, C. H. , & Evertson, C. M. (1992, April). Enhancing problem-solving in preservice teachers' approaches to classroom management using video technology. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco.
13.
Raymond, A. M. , & Santos, V. (1995). Preservice elementary teachers and self-reflection: How innovation in mathematics teacher preparation challenges mathematics beliefs. Journal of Teacher Education, 46(1), 58-70.
14.
Schmidt, W. H. , & Kennedy, M. M. (1990). Teachers' and teacher candidates' beliefs about subject matter and about teaching responsibilities (Research Report 90-4). East Lansing: Michigan State University, National Center for Research on Teacher Education.
15.
Sowell, E. J. (1989). Effects of manipulative materials in mathematics instruction. Journal of Research in Mathematics Education, 20(5), 498-505.
16.
Suydam, M. N. (1984). Manipulative materials. Arithmetic Teacher, 31(5), 27.
17.
Suydam, M. N. , & Higgins, J. L. (1977). Activity- based learning in elementary mathematics: Recommendations from research. Columbus, OH: ERIC Center for Science, Mathematics, & Environmental Education, College of Education, Ohio State University.