Interviews from an ethnographic study of elementary school teachers and students are cited to support the conclusion that an ethic of caring is essential to the definition of effective teaching. A process for restructuring teacher education programs on the basis of an ethic of caring is described. Seven characteristics of a teacher education program designed to promote the development of an ethic of caring are described: curriculum construction, modeling, dialogue, reflection, confirmation, practice, and continuity.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Belenky, M.F., Clinchy, B.M., Goldberger, N.R., & Tarule, J.M. (1986). Women's ways of knowing: The development of self, voice, and mind. New York: Basic Books.
2.
Brophy, J., & Good, T.L. (1986). Teacher behavior and student achievement. In M. Wittrock (Ed.), Handbook of research on teaching (pp. 328-375). New York: Macmillan.
3.
Cooper, M. (1988). Whose culture is it, anyway? In A. Lieberman (Ed.), Building a professional culture in schools (pp. 45-54). New York: Teachers College Press.
4.
Dempsey, V.O. (1991, April). Caring and opportunities for the professionalization of teaching. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago .
5.
Elbow, P. (1973). Writing without teachers. London: Oxford University Press.
6.
Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
7.
Gilligan, C. (1988). Remapping the moral domain: New images of self in relationships. In J. Ward, J. Taylor, & B. Bardige (Eds.), Mapping the moral domain: A contribution of women's thinking to psychological theory (pp. 3-19). Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press.
8.
Glover, J.A., Ronning, R.R., & Bruning, R.H. (1990). Cognitive psychology for teachers. New York: Harper & Row.
9.
Goodlad, J. I., Soder, R. , & Sirotnik, K. A. (Eds.). (1990). The moral dimensions of teaching. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
10.
Henderson, J.G. (1987, April). An ethic of caring applied to reflective professional development. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Washington, DC.
11.
Kohl, H. (1984). Growing minds: On becoming a teacher. New York: Harper & Row.
12.
Kohn, A. (1991). Caring kids: The role of the schools. Phi Delta Kappan, 72, 496-506.
13.
Lampert, M. (1985). How do teachers manage to teach? Perspectives on problems in practice. Harvard Educational Review, 55, 178-194.
14.
Lyons, N. (1983). Two perspectives on self, relationships, and morality . Harvard Educational Review, 53, 125-145.
15.
Mayeroff, M. (1971). On caring. New York: Harper & Row.
16.
Noblit, G.W. (1991, April). Power and caring. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Educational Research Association , Chicago.
17.
Noddings, N. (1984). Caring: A feminine approach to ethics and moral education. Berkeley: University of California Press.
18.
Noddings, N. (1986). Fidelity in teaching, teacher education, and research for teaching. Harvard Educational Review, 56, 496-510.
19.
Noddings, N. (1987). An ethic of caring. In J. Devitis (Ed.), Women, culture, and morality (pp. 333-372). New York: Peter Lang.
20.
Noddings, N. (1989, April). Developing models of caring in the professions . Paper presented at the meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco.
21.
Noddings, N. (1991). Stories lives tell: Narrative and dialogue in education. In C. Withrell & N. Noddings (Eds.), Lives in narrative (pp. 157-170). New York: Teachers College Press.
22.
Prawat, R.S., & Nickerson, J.R. (1985). The relationship between teacher thought and action and student affective outcomes. The Elementary School Journal, 85, 529-540.
23.
Richert, A.E. (1987, April). Reflection and pedagogical caring: Unsilencing the teacher's voice. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Washington, DC.
24.
Rogers, D. (1991, April). Conceptions of caring in a fourth grade classroom. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago.
25.
Shulman, L.S. (1986). Those who understand: Knowledge growth in teaching . Educational Researcher, 15(2), 4-14.
26.
Sichel, B.A. (1988). Moral education: Character, community and ideals . Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
27.
Strike, K.A., & Soltis, J.F. (1985). The ethics of teaching. New York: Teachers College Press.
28.
Tom, A. ( 1984). Teaching as a moral craft. New York : Longman.
29.
Tronto, J.C. (1987). Beyond gender difference to a theory of care. Signs: Journal of Women andCulture and Society, 12, 644-663.
30.
Van Manen, M. (1986). The tone of teaching. Ports-mouth, NH: Heinemann.
31.
Vandenberg, D. (1990). Education as a human right: A theory of curriculum and pedagogy. New York: Teachers College Press.
32.
Watson, J. (1985). Nursing: The philosophy and science of caring . Boulder: Colorado Associated University Press.
33.
Webb, J.L. (1991, April). Researcher relationships and responsibility: Consider with care. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago .
34.
Woods, P. (1984). Teacher, self and curriculum. In I. F. Goodson & S. J. Ball (Eds.), Defining the curriculum: Histories and ethnographies (pp. 239-261). Philadelphia, PA: Falmer.
