Black Dialect and Learning to Read: What is the Problem?

Baratz, J. The relationship of Black English to reading: A review of research. In J. Laffey & R. Shuy (Eds.), Language Differences: Do they interfere ? Newark, Delaware: International Reading Association, 1973.

Bereiter, K. & Englemann, S. Teaching disadvantaged children in the preschool. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1966 .

Burling, R. English in Black and White. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston,1973.

, Deutsch, M. , Katz, I. , & Jensen, A. (Eds.). Social Class, race, and psychological development. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1968.

Finn, J. Expectations and the educational environment. Review of Educational Research, 1973, 42(3).

Franke, M.F. The effect of the grammatical features of their dialect on the reading comprehension of speakers of a nonstandard Black dialect of English. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, 1975. Lexington: University of Kentucky.

Galvan, J. , Pierce, J. & Underwood, G. Relationships between teacher attitudes and differences in the English of bilinguals. Paper presented at the South-west Area Linguistics Workshop IV, San Diego, April 1975.

Goodman, K. Dialect barriers to reading comprehension. Elementary English , December 1965, 42.

Gumperz, J. & Hernandez-Chavez, E. Bilingualism, bidialectism and classroom interaction . In C. Cazden , V. Johns , & D. Hymes (Eds.), Functions of language in the classroom. Columbia University: Teachers College Press, 1972.

Jaggar, A.M. The effect of native dialect and written language structure on reading comprehension in Negro and White elementary school children. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, 1971. New York: New York University.

Labov, W. Some sources of reading problems for speakers of Black English vernacular, The logic of nonstandard English, and The relation of reading failure to peer-group status. In Language in the inner city: Studies in the Black English vernacular. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1972.

Ruddell, R. An investigation of the effect of the similarity of oral and written patterns of language structure on reading comprehension. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University, 1963.

Rystrom, R. The effects of standard dialect training on Negro first-graders being taught to read. (Final Report, Project No. 8-1-053.) Washington, D.C.: Office of Education, Bureau of Research, 1968.

Rystrom, R. Dialect training and reading: A further look. Reading Research Quarterly, 1970, 40.

Shuy, R. A linguistic background for developing beginning reading materials for Black children. In J. Baratz & R. Shuy (Eds.), Teaching Black children to read. Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics, 1969.

Shuy, R. (Ed.). Social dialects and language learning: Proceedings of the Bloomington, Indiana conference. Champaign, Il.: National Council of Teachers of English , 1964.

Sims, R. A psycholinguistic description of miscues generated by selected young readers during the oral reading of text material in Black dialect and standard English . Unpublished doctoral dissertation, 1972. Detroit: Wayne State University.

Smith, F.B. , Goodman, K. & Meredith, R. (Eds.). Language and thinking in the elementary school. New York : Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1970.

Stewart, W. On the use of Negro dialect in the teaching of reading. In R. Abrahams & R. Troike (Eds.), Language and cultural diversity in American education . Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall , 1972.

Tatham, S.M. Reading comprehension of materials written with select oral language patterns: A study at grades two and four. Reading Research Quarterly , 5(3), 402-426.

Williams, F. , Whitehead, J. & Miller, L. Attitudinal correlates of children's speech characteristics. U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare: Center for Communication Research, University of Texas at Austin, March 1971.