Cognitive Styles and Learning Strategies Research: Some of the Areas in Which Psychology can Contribute To Personalized Instruction in Multicultural Education
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References
1.
W.H. Holtzman, "Psychology in a Graduate School of Education," Sachs Memorial Lecture , Columbia University, 1972.
2.
L.M. Laosa, "Child Care and the Culturally Different Child," Child Care Quarterly3, (1974): 214-24.
3.
Reports of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights which document this situation include : The Unfinished Education: Report II of the Mexican American Education Series (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971); Teachers and Students, Report V: Mexican American Education Study. Differences in Teacher Interaction with Mexican American and Anglo Students ( Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1973); A Better Chance to Learn: Bilingual-Bicultural Education (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975).
4.
U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Office of Civil Rights, "Identification of Discrimination and Denial of Services on the Basis of National Origin," Federal Register35 (1970): 11595-96.
5.
See L.M. Laosa and T.D. Oakland, "Social Control in Mental Health: Psychological Assessment and the Schools," Paper presented at the 51st Annual Meeting of the American Orthopsychiatric Association, San Francisco , 1974.
6.
Lau v. Nichols, 414 U.S.: 566-68 (January 21,1974).
7.
U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Office of Civil Rights, Task Force Findings Specifying Remedies Available for Eliminating Past Educational Practices Ruled Unlawful Under "Lau v. Nichols" (Washington, D.C.:1975).
8.
S. Messick, "Personality Consistencies in Cognition and Creativity" in Individuality in Learning edited by S. Messick. (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1976).
9.
Ibid, p. 7.
10.
Theoretical and empirical work on this subject include: M. Cole and J.S. Bruner, "Cultural Differences and Inferences About Psychological Processes ," American Psychologist26 (1971): 867-76
11.
; W.H. Holtzman, R. Diaz-Guerrero, J.D. Swartz, in collaboration with L. Lara Tapia, et al., Personality Development in Two Cultures: A Longitudinal Study of School Children in Mexico and the United States (Austin, Tex.: The University of Texas Press, 1975)
12.
; S. Kagan and M.C. Madsen, "Cooperation and Competition of Mexican, Mexican-American and Anglo-American Children of Two Ages Under Four Instructional Sets," Developmental Psychology5 (1971): 32-39; J.S. Kleinfeld, "Intellectual Strengths in Culturally Different Groups: An Eskimo Illustration," Review of Educational Research43 ( 1973): 341-359; L.M. Laosa, "Bilingualism in Three United States Hispanic Groups: Contextual Use of Language by Children and Adults in Their Families ," Journal of Educational Psychology67 (1975 ): 617-627; L.M. Laosa, "Socialization, Education and Continuity: The Importance of the Sociocultural Context," Young Children , in press; L.M. Laosa, L. Lara Tapia, and J.D. Swartz, "Pathognomic Verbalizations, Anxiety, and Hostility in Normal Mexican and United States Anglo-American Children's Fantasies: A Longitudinal Study," Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology42 (1974): 73-78; L.M. Laosa, J.D. Swartz, and R. Diaz-Guerrero, "Perceptual-Cognitive andPersonality Development of Mexican and Anglo-American Children as Measured by Human Figure Drawings, "Developmental Psychology10 (1974): 131-39
13.
; G. S. Lesser ed., Psychology and Educational Practice (Glenview, Ill.: Scott Foresman, 1971)
14.
; G.S. Lesser, G. Fifer, and C. Clark, "Mental Abilities of Children from Different Social Class and Cultural Groups," Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development3, no. 4 ( 1965)
15.
; M. Ramirez and A. Castaneda, Cultural Democracy, Bicognitive Development, and Education ( New York: Academic Press, 1974)
16.
; H.A. Witkin and J.W. Berry, "Psychological Differentiation in Cross-Cultural Perspective," Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology6, no. 1 (1975): 4-87.
17.
S. Kagan and M.C. Madsen, op. cit.
18.
See Messick, "Personality Consistencies."
19.
H.A. Witkin and D.R. Goodenough, "Field Dependence Revisited ," Educational Testing Service Research Bulletin, RB76-39, Princeton, N.J., December, 1976.
20.
H.A. Witkin et. al., "Field-Dependent and Field-Independent Cognitive Styles and Their Educational Implications," Review of Educational Research, 47, (1977 ): 1-64.
21.
D.R. Goodenough , "The Role of Individual Differences in Field Dependence as a Factor in Learning and Memory," Psychological Bulletin83, no. 4 (1976): 675-94.
22.
H.A. Witkin and D.R. Goodenough , "Field Dependence and Interpersonal Behavior ," Educational Testing Service Research Bulletin , RB76-12, Princeton, N.J., April 1976.
23.
Messick, " Personality Consistencies."
24.
See Holtzman et al., op. cit.; and Witkin and Berry, op. cit.
25.
Ibid '
26.
L.M. Laosa , "Bilingualism in Three United States Hispanic Groups"; L.L. LeCorgne and L.M. Laosa, "Father Absence in Low-Income Mexican-American Families: Children's Social Adjustment and Conceptual Differentation of Sex Roles Attributes, "Development Psychology12, no. 5 (1976): 470-71.
27.
W.S. Hall and R.O. Freedle, Culture and Language: The Black American Experience ( New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1975 ).
28.
Witkin and Berry, op, cit.
29.
Z. Dershowitz , "Jewish Subcultural Patterns and Psychological Differentiation," International Journal of Psychology6 (1971): 223-31.
30.
H.A. Witkin , "Cognitive Style in Academic Performance and in Teacher-Student Relations," in S. Messick, op. cit38-72; Witkin, Moore, Goodenough, and Cox , op. cit.; R.B. Ekstrom, "Teacher Aptitudes, Knowledge, Attitudes, and Cognitive Style as Predictors of Teaching Behaviors," Journal of Teacher Education27 ( 1976): 329-31; M.K. Stone, "The Role of Cognitive Style in Teaching and Learning, " Journal of Teacher Education27 ( 1976): 332-34.
31.
Witkin, op. cit.
32.
Ibid.
33.
L.M. Laosa, "Socialization, Education, and Continuity."
34.
L.M. Laosa, "Maternal Teaching Strategies in Mexican-American Families: Socio-economic Factors Affecting Intra-Group Variability in How Mothers Teach Their Children ," Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York City , April 4-8,1977.
35.
J.W. Getzels , "Socialization and Education: A Note on Discontinuities ," Teachers College Record76, no. 2 (1974): 218-25.
36.
L.M. Laosa, "Toward a Research Model of Multicultural Competency-Based Teacher Education," in Multicultural Education Through Competency-Based Teacher Education edited by W. A. Hunter. (Washington, D.C.: American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education, 1974): 135-45.
37.
See also A. Cohen and L.M. Laosa, "Second Language Instruction: Some Research Considerations," Journal of Curriculum Studies8, no. 2 ( 1976): 149-65. Witkin and Goodenough , "Field Dependence Revisited" ; Ramirez and Castaneda, op. cit., employ the term "bicognitive development" to refer to this type of style mobility.
