Student Teaching and Teacher Education: A Sociological Model for Change

Margaret Mead , "A Redefinition of Education," NEA Journal, October 1959, p. 16.

George Spindler , ed., Education and Culture: Anthropological Approaches (N.Y.: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1963), pp. 132-72.

cf. Kenneth Kenniston , The Uncommitted: Alienated Youth in American Society (New York: Dell Publishing Co., 1960); Theodore Roszak , The Making of a Counter-Culture (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1968); Charles Reich , The Greening of America ( New York: Random House, 1968). Many others make this argument in a different, albeit sophisticated way; see, for example, David Riesman , The Lonely Crowd ( New Haven: Yale Press, 1950); and William Whyte , The Organization Man (New York: Harpers, 1959).

Estelle Fuchs , Teachers Talk: Views From Inside City Schools (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books, 1969).

Melville J. Herskovits , Cultural Anthropology (New York: Oxford, 1965), p. 180.

See, for example, Charles Silberman , Crisis in the Classroom : The Remaking of American Education (New York: Random House, 1970); B. Othanel Smith , Teachers for the Real World (Washington, D.C.: American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education, 1969).

Donald M. Medley , "Closing the Gap Between Research in Teacher Effectiveness and the Teacher Education Curriculum," Journal of Research and Development in Education VII (Fall 1973), pp. 39-46.

Laurence Iannaccone and H. Warren Button , Functions of Student Teaching: Attitude Formation and Initiation in Elementary Student Teaching, Cooperative Research Project No. 1026 (Office of Education, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, July 1964), pp. 11-16.

Walter N. Gantt and Beth Davey , "Pre-Student Teachers React to Field-Supplemented Methods Courses," Educational Leadership, December 1973, pp. 259-62.

D.R. Gibson , "Professional Socialization: The Effects of a College Course Upon Role-Conceptions of Students in Teacher Training," Journal of Educational Research 14, pp. 213-19; John P. Casey and Keith McNeil , "Attitudinal Dimensions of Supervising Teachers and of Elementary and Secondary Student Teachers," Journal of Teacher Education 23 (Fall 1972): 358-62.

See Medley , " Closing the Gap," pp. 45-46. Medley argues for research throughout the article, but in the end he exonerates teacher educators from this omission by noting "The only one who can finally close the gap between research and teacher education is the teacher himself."

We are not necessarily arguing for Spindler's particular analysis. The point is that his type of analysis seems to be endemic among social critics of all persuasions and therefore deserves attention. See Spindler , Education and Culture, pp. 136-37, for a chart listing the values he believes are in transition.

See, for example, Iannaccone and Button , Functions of Student Teaching, pp. 12-13.

Arnold Van Gennep , Rites of Passage (London : Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1960 ), p. 18.

Victor Turner , The Ritual Process (Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1969 ), p. 94.

Ibid, pp. 94-95.

Ibid., pp. 97-98; Van Gennep , Rites of Passage, pp. 1-18.

So many educators have cited this problem that it is almost in the realm of common knowledge. See, for example, G. Alexander Moore , Jr., Realities of the Urban Classroom (New York: Doubleday, 1967). This book documents the different approaches to classes of different status in the urban school. 19 For a useful discussion of culture shock, see Conrad M. Arensberg and Arthur H. Niehoff , Introducing Social Change: A Manual for Americans Overseas (Chicago : Aldine Press, 1964), pp. 180-95.

Fuchs , Teachers Talk.

Ibid, pp. 17-26.

Robert E. L. Faris , Chicago Sociology: 1920-1932 ( Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), pp. 17 and 71.

Paul J. Bohannan , "Field Anthropologists and Classroom Teachers ," in Ianni and Storey , Cultural Relevance and Educational Issues (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1973).