By use of path analysis on data from 600 shoppers, the authors explore the sequential relationships among several variables pertinent to retail crowding. Results furnish evidence that perceived crowding systematically affects shopping behavior and consumers’ feelings about retail outlets and shopping trips.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
CronbachL. J. (1951), “Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests,” Psychometrika, 16, 297–334.
2.
DarlingtonR. B. (1968), Multiple Regression in Psychological Research and Practice, Psychological Bulletin, 69, 161–82.
3.
DesorJ. A. (1972), “Toward a Psychological Theory of Crowding,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21 (January), 79–83.
4.
EsserA. H. (1972), “A Biosocial Perspective on Crowding,” in Environment and the Social Sciences: Perspectives and Applications, WholwillJ. and CarsonD., eds. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 15–28.
5.
HanushekE. A. and JacksonJ. E. (1977), Statistical Methods for Social Scientists. New York: Academic Press.
6.
HarrellG. D. and HuttM. D. (1976a), “Buyer Behavior Under Conditions of Crowding: An Initial Framework,” in Advances in Consumer Research, Volume 3, AndersonB. B., ed. Cincinnati, Ohio: Association for Consumer Research.
7.
HarrellG. D. and HuttM. D. (1976b), “Crowding in Retail Stores,” M.S.U. Business Topics (Winter), 33–9.
8.
HeiseD. R. (1975), Causal Analysis. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
9.
HunterJ. E. and HunterR. F. (1977), “PATHPAC: A program for path analysis for recursive systems using either given path coefficients or using calculated OLS path coefficients from given causal influence indicators or using path coefficients calculated from given causal influence indicators by a new Procrustes least squares method,” Michigan State University.
10.
KotlerP. (1974), “Atmospherics as a Marketing Tool,” Journal of Retailing, 41 (Winter), 48–64.
11.
MackintoshE., WestS., and SaegertS. (1975), “Two Studies of Crowding in Urban Public Spaces,” Environment and Behavior, 7 (June), 159–84.
12.
MilgramS. (1970), “The Experience of Living in Cities,” Science, 167 (March), 1464–8.
13.
NunnallyJum C. (1967), Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
14.
SaegertS. (1973), “Crowding: Cognitive Overload and Behavioral Constraint,” in Environmental Design Research, Volume 2, PreiserW., ed. Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania: Dowden, Hutchison and Ross.
15.
StokolsD. (1972), “On the Distinction Between Density and Crowding: Some Implications for Future Research,” Psychological Review, 79 (May), 275–7.
16.
StokolsD. (1976), “The Experience of Crowding in Primary and Secondary Environments,” Environments and Behavior, 8 (March), 49–86.
