Perceptual mapping is widely used in marketing to analyze market structure, design new products, and develop advertising strategies. This article presents theoretical arguments and empirical evidence which suggest that factor analysis is superior to discriminant analysis and similarity scaling with respect to predictive ability, managerial interpretability, and ease of use.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BeckwithN. E. and LehmannD. R. (1975), “The Importance of Halo Effects in Multi-Attribute Attitude Models,” Journal of Marketing Research, 12 (August), 265–75.
2.
BestR. J. (1976), “The Predictive Aspects of a Joint Space Theory of Stochastic Choice,” Journal of Marketing Research, 13 (May), 198–204.
3.
CarmoneF. J., GreenP. E., and JainA. K. (1978), “The Robustness of Conjoint Analysis: Some Monté Carlo Results,” Journal of Marketing Research, 15 (May), 300–3.
4.
CarrollJ. D. and ChangJ. J. (1964), “A General Index of Nonlinear Correlation and Its Application to the Interpretation of Multidimensional Scaling Solutions,” American Psychologist, 19.
5.
CarrollJ. D. and ChangJ. J. (1970), “Analysis of Individual Differences in Multidimensional Scaling via an N-way Generalization of the Eckart-Young Decomposition,” Psychometrika, 35, 283–319.
6.
CattinP. and WittinkD. R. (1976), “A Monté Carlo Study of Metric and Nonmetric Estimation Methods for Multiattribute Models,” Research Paper No. 341, Graduate School of Business, Stanford University (November).
7.
CooleyW. W. and LohnesP. R. (1971), Multivariate Data Analysis. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
8.
CortS. G. and DominguezL. V. (1977), “Cross Shopping and Retail Growth,” Journal of Marketing Research, 14 (May), 187–92.
9.
DayG. S., DeutscherT., and RyansA. B. (1976), “Data Quality, Level of Aggregation, and Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling Solutions,” Journal of Marketing Research, 13 (February), 92–7.
10.
DixonW. J. (1975), BMDP: Biomedical Computer Programs. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
11.
EnglundD., HundtF., and LeeY. (1978), “An Empirical Comparison of Factor Analysis and Discriminant Analysis for Non-Work Trips in Evanston,” Technical Report, Transportation Center, Northwestern University (August).
12.
EtgarM. (1977), “Channel Environment and Channel Leadership,” Journal of Marketing Research, 14 (February), 69–76.
13.
GenschP. H. and GolobT. F. (1975), “Testing the Consistency of Attribute Meaning in Empirical Concept Testing,” Journal of Marketing Research, 12 (August), 348–54.
14.
GreenP. E. (1975), “On the Robustness of Multidimensional Scaling Techniques,” Journal of Marketing Research, 12 (February), 73–81.
15.
GreenP. E. and CarmoneF. J. (1969), “Multidimensional Scaling: An Introduction and Comparison of Nonmetric Unfolding Techniques,” Journal of Marketing Research, 7 (August), 330–41.
16.
GreenP. E., and WachspressD. D. (1977), “On the Analysis of Qualitative Data in Marketing Research,” Journal of Marketing Research, 14 (February), 52–9.
17.
GreenP. E. and RaoV. (1972), Applied Multidimensional Scaling. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
18.
GreenP. E. and SrinivasanV. (1978), “Conjoint Analysis in Consumer Behavior; Status and Outlook,” Journal of Consumer Research, 5 (September), 103–23.
19.
GreenP. E. and WindYoram (1973), Multiattribute Decisions in Marketing. Hinsdale, Illinois: The Dryden Press.
20.
GreenP. E. and WindYoram (1975), “New Way to Measure Consumer's Judgments,” Harvard Business Review (July–August).
21.
HarmonH. H. (1967), Modern Factor Analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago.
22.
HauserJ. R. (1978), “Testing the Accuracy, Usefulness, and Significance of Probabilistic Choice Models: An Information Theoretic Approach,” Operations Research, 26 (May–June), 406–21.
23.
HauserJ. R. and UrbanG. L. (1977), “A Normative Methodology for Modeling Consumer Response to Innovation,” Operations Research, 25 (July–August), 579–619.
24.
HeelerR. M., WhippleT. W., and HustadT. P. (1977), “Maximum Likelihood Factor Analysis of Attitude Data,” Journal of Marketing Research, 14 (February), 42–51.
25.
JainA. K. and PinsonC. (1976), “The Effect of Order of Presentation of Similarity Judgments on Multidimensional Scaling Results: An Empirical Comparison,” Journal of Marketing Research, 13 (November), 435–9.
26.
JohnsonR. M. (1971), “Market Segmentation: A Strategic Management Tool,” Journal of Marketing Research, 8 (February), 13–18.
27.
JohnsonR. M. (1970), “Multiple Discriminant Analysis Applications to Marketing Research,” Market Facts, Inc. (January).
28.
JolsonMarvin A. and SpathWalter F. (1973), “Understanding and Fulfilling Shoppers' Requirements,” Journal of Retailing, 49 (Summer).
29.
KlahrDavid (1969), “A Monté Carlo Investigation of the Statistical Significance of Kruskal's Non-metric Scaling Procedure,” Psychometrika, 34 (September), 319–30.
30.
KoppelmanFrank S. and HauserJohn (1977), “Consumer Travel Choice Behavior: An Empirical Analysis of Destination Choice for Non-Grocery Shopping Trips,” Technical Report, Transportation Center, Northwestern University (March).
31.
LermanS. R. and ManskiC. F. (1976), “Alternative Sampling Procedure for Disaggregate Choice Model Estimation,” Transportation Research Record, 592, Transportation Research Board.
32.
MacKayDavid B. and OlshavskyRichard W. (1975), “Cognitive Maps of Retail Locations; An Investigation of Some Basic Issues,” Journal of Consumer Research, 2 (December).
33.
ManskiC. F. and LermanS. R. (1977), “The Estimation of Choice Probabilities from Choice Based Samples,” Econometrica, 45 (November).
34.
McFaddenDaniel (1970), “Conditional Logit Analysis of Qualitative Choice Behavior,” in Frontiers in Econometrics, ZarembleaP., ed. New York: Academic Press, 105–42.
35.
NieN. H., HullG. H., JenkinsJ. G., SteinbrennerK., and BentD. H. (1975), SPSS: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, 2nd edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
36.
PekelmanD. and SenS. (1977), “Improving Prediction in Conjoint Measurement,” Working Paper, Graduate School of Management, University of Rochester (January).
37.
PessemierE. A. (1977), Product Management: Strategy and Organization. New York: Wiley/Hamilton.
38.
RummelR. J. (1970), Applied Factor Analysis. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press.
39.
SilkA. J. and UrbanG. L. (1978), “Pretest Market Evaluation of New Packaged Goods: A Model and Measurement Methodology,” Journal of Marketing Research, 15 (May), 171–91.
40.
SimmiePatricia (1978), “Alternative Perceptual Models: Reproducibility, Validity, and Data Integrity,” Proceedings of the American Marketing Association Educators Conference, Chicago (August).
41.
SingstonRicardo (1975), “Multidimensional Scaling Analysis of Store Image and Shopping Behavior,” Journal of Retailing, 51, 2.
42.
StopherP. R., WatsonP. L., and BlinJ. J. (1974), “A Method for Assessing Pricing and Structural Changes on Transport Mode Use,” Interim Report to the Office of University Research, U.S. Department of Transportation, Transportation Center, Northwestern University (September).
43.
SummersJ. O. and MacKayD. B., (1976), “On the Validity and Reliability of Direct Similarity Judgments,” Journal of Marketing Research, 13 (August), 289–95.
44.
UrbanG. L. (1975), “PERCEPTOR: A Model for Product Positioning,” Management Science, 8 (April), 858–71.
45.
WhippleT. W. (1976), “Variation Among Multidimensional Scaling Solutions: An Examination of the Effect of Data Collection Differences,” Journal of Marketing Research, 13 (February), 98–103.
46.
WilkieW. L. and PessemierE. A. (1973), “Issues in Marketing's Use of Multi-Attribute Attitude Models,” Journal of Marketing Research, 10 (November), 428–41.