Approaching the human condition of shame from an ethical point of view, this essay traces the problems involving the relationship between shame and guilt, and between shame and the social field. Drawing on a phenomenological approach to shame phenomena, the essay explores moral and philosophical theories of shame underpinning our humanistic and psychological appreciation of this most basic human experience, one that, as we suggest, has both positive and negative valences.
AdlerA. (1933). Advantages and disadvantages of the inferiority feeling. In AnsbacherH. L.AnsbacherR. R. (Eds.), Superiority and social interest (pp. 50-58). New York, NY: W. W. Norton.
2.
ArendtH. (1958). The human condition. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
3.
BenjaminW. (1999). Franz Kafka: On the tenth anniversary of his death. In JenningsM. W.EilandH.SmithG. (Eds.), Selected writings, volume two, 1927-1934 (LivingstoneR.., Trans., pp. 794-818). Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
4.
Ben-Ze’evA. (2000). The subtlety of emotions. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
5.
BinswangerL. (1963). Being-in-the-world: Selected papers of Ludwig Binswanger (NeedlemanJ., Trans.). New York, NY: Basic Books.
6.
BonhoefferD. (1955). Ethics. New York, NY: Macmillan.
7.
CarsonA. (2002, September5). Euripides to the audience. London Review of Books, 24(17), 24.
8.
ConstableE. L. (1997). Shame. MLN, 112, 641-665.
9.
CooleyC. H. (1922). Human nature and the social order. New York, NY: Scribner.
10.
CrimpD. (2002). Mario Montez, for shame. In BarberS. M.ClarkD. L. (Eds.), Regarding Sedgwick: Essays on queer culture and critical theory (pp. 57-70). New York, NY: Routledge.
11.
DarwinC. (1998). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
12.
DerridaJ. (2002). The animal that therefore I am (more to follow). Critical Inquiry, 28, 369-418.
13.
DostoyevskyF. (1950). The Brothers Karamazov (GarnettC., Trans.). New York, NY: Random House.
14.
DreyfusH. (1987). Foreword to the California edition. In FoucaultM. (Ed.), Mental illness and psychology (pp. vi-xliii). Berkeley: University of California Press.
15.
FenichelO. (1945). The psychoanalytic theory of neurosis. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.
16.
FreudS. (1905). Three essays on sexuality (Vol. 7, Standard ed.). London, England: Hogarth Press.
17.
FreudS. (1926). The question of lay analysis (Vol. 20, Standard ed.). London, England: Hogarth Press.
18.
FreudS. (1930). Civilization and its discontents (Vol. 21, Standard ed.). London, England: Hogarth Press.
19.
FreudS. (1932). New introductory essays on psycho-analysis (Vol. 22, Standard ed.). London, England: Hogarth Press.
20.
GerhardsJ. (1986). Georg Simmel’s contribution to a theory of emotions. Social Science Information, 25, 901-924.
21.
HellerA. (1985). The power of shame: A rational perspective. Boston, MA: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
22.
JabèsE. (1993). A foreigner carrying in the crook of his arm a tiny book. Hanover, NH: Wesleyan University Press.
23.
KatzJ. (1997). The elements of shame. In LanskyM. R.MorrisonA. P. (Eds.), The widening scope of shame (pp. 231-260). Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
24.
KoestenbaumW. (2011). Humiliation. New York, NY: Picador.
25.
KohutH. (1975). Pride, shame, and self-regulation. In TolpinP.TolpinM. (Eds.), Heinz Kohut: The Chicago Institute lectures (pp. 243-257). Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
26.
LacanJ. (2006). The mirror stage as formative of the I function as revealed in psychoanalytic experience. In Ecrits (FinkB., Trans., pp. 75-81). New York, NY: W. W. Norton. (Original work published 1949)
27.
LacanJ. (2007). The seminar of Jacques Lacan: Book XVII: The other side of psychoanalysis (GriggR., Trans.). New York, NY: W. W. Norton. (Original work published 1969-1970)
28.
LaingR. D. (1969). Self and others. New York, NY: Pantheon.
29.
LeviP. (1988). The drowned and the saved (RosenthalR., Trans.). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
30.
LevinasE. (2003). On escape (BergoB., Trans.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
31.
LewisH. B. (1987). Shame—the “sleeper” in psychopathology. In LewisH. B. (Ed.), The role of shame in symptom formation (pp. 1-28). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
32.
LewisH. B. (1971). Shame and guilt in neurosis. New York, NY: International Universities Press.
33.
LyndH. M. (1958). On shame and the search for identity. New York, NY: Harcourt Brace.
34.
NathansonD. L. (1987). A timetable for shame. In NathansonD. L. (Ed.), The many faces of shame (pp. 1-63). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
35.
NietzscheF. (1966). Beyond good and evil: Prelude to a philosophy of the future (KaufmannW., Trans.). New York, NY: Vintage.
36.
PennebakerJ. W. (1990). Opening up: The healing power of confiding in others. New York, NY: William Morrow.
37.
PiersG.SingerM. (1971). Shame and guilt: A psychoanalytic and a cultural study. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.
38.
ProbynE. (2004). Everyday shame. Cultural Studies, 18, 328-349.
39.
RawlsJ. (1971). A theory of justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
40.
RiezlerK. (1951). Man: Mutable and immutable. Chicago, IL: Henry Regnery.
41.
SartreJ.-P. (1956). Being and nothingness: An essay on phenomenological ontology (BarnesH. E., Trans.). New York, NY: Philosophical Library.
42.
ScheffT. J. (2000). Shame and the social bond: A sociological theory. Sociological Theory, 18, 84-99.
43.
SchelerM. (1987). Shame and feelings of modesty. In FringsM. S. (Ed. & Trans.), Person and self-value: Three essays (pp. 3-85). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff. (Original work published 1957)
44.
SchneiderC. D. (1977). Shame, exposure, and privacy. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.
45.
SedgwickE. K. (1993). Queer performativity: Henry James’s The Art of the Novel. GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, 1, 1-16.
46.
SedgwickE. K. (2003a). Shame, theatricality, and queer performativity: Henry James’s The Art of the Novel. In Touching feeling: Affect, pedagogy, performativity (pp. 35-65). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
47.
SedgwickE. K. (2003b). Touching feeling: Affect, pedagogy, performativity. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
48.
SimmelG. (1924). Sociology of the senses: Visual interaction. In ParkR. E.BurgessE. W. (Eds.), Introduction to the science of sociology (pp. 356-361). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
49.
SolovievV. (1918). The justification of the good: An essay on moral philosophy (DuddingtonN. A., Trans.). New York, NY: Macmillan.
50.
TangneyJ. P. (1990). Assessing individual differences in proneness to shame and guilt. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 102-111.
51.
TangneyJ. P.WagnerP.GramzowR. (1992). Proneness to shame, proneness to guilt, and psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 469-478.
52.
TaylorG. (1985). Pride, shame and guilt: Emotions of self-assessment. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
53.
TeroniF.BruunO. (2011). Shame, guilt and morality. Journal of Moral Philosophy, 8, 223-245.
54.
ThraneG. (1979). Shame and the construction of the self. Annual of Psychoanalysis, 7, 321-341.
55.
TomkinsS. (2008). Affect imagery consciousness: The complete edition. New York, NY: Springer.
56.
UebelM. (2013). Psychoanalysis and the problem of violence: From masochism to shame. American Imago, 69, 473-505.
57.
WattsA. (1963). The two hands of God: The myths of polarity. New York, NY: George Braziller.
58.
WheelerG. (2000). Beyond individualism: Toward a new understanding of self, relationship, and experience. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
59.
WilliamsB. (1993). Shame and necessity. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
60.
WollheimR. (1999). On the emotions. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
61.
ŽižekS. (2001). The fright of real tears: Krzysztof Kieślowski between theory and post-theory. London, England: British Film Institute.