Carl Rogers was a pioneer and leader in the humanistic psychology movement. Although his many professional activities and accomplishments are well known, the story of his association with the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology—a front organization for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)—is barely known and has never been explored in any depth. This article attempts to tell that story in the context of America during the 1950s, Rogers's academic career, and the mission of the CIA.
American Psychological Association. (1942). Psychology and the war: Notes. Psychological Bulletin,39, 794.
2.
American Psychological Association. (1957, March). Distinguished Scientific Contribution Awards for 1956—Carl R. Rogers. American Psychologist, 12, 125-133.
3.
Arrigo, J.M., & Wagner, R.V. (2005). A dialogue between peace psychology and military ethics. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 11(1), 1-7.
4.
Branch, T. (1988). Parting the waters: America in the King years: 1954-63. New York: Touchstone/Simon & Shuster.
5.
Brinkley, D. (1998). American Heritage history of the United States . New York: Penguin.
6.
Capuzzi, D., & Gross, D.R. (2001). Introduction to the counseling profession (3rd ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
7.
Caro, R. (1982). The years of Lyndon Johnson: The path to power . New York: Knopf.
8.
Donaldson, G.A. (1997). Abundance and anxiety: America 1945-1960. Westport, CT: Praeger.
9.
Evans, R.I. (1975). CarlRogers: The man and his ideas. New York: Dutton.
10.
Gaddis, J.L. (2001). Dividing the world. In K. Larres & A. Lane (Eds.), The cold war: The essential readings (pp. 41-64). Oxford , UK: Blackwell.
11.
Gibson, R.L., & Mitchell, M.H. (1999). Introduction to counseling and guidance (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
12.
Gladding, S.T. (2000). Counseling: A comprehensive profession. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill/ Prentice Hall.
13.
Greenfield, P. (1977, December). CIA's behavior caper. APA Monitor, pp. 1, 10-11.
14.
Harrington, M. (1962). The other America: Poverty in the United States . New York: Macmillan.
15.
Herman, E. (1995). The romance of American psychology: Political culture in the age of experts. Berkeley: University of California Press.
16.
Hinkle, L.E. (1978a, October 18). Letter to Dr. David E. Rogers (Carl Rogers Papers, Box 3, Folder 4). Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Manuscript Division.
17.
Hinkle, L.E. (1978b). Letter to John Marks (Carl Rogers Papers, Box 3, Folder 4). Washington, DC: Library of Congress, Manuscript Division.
18.
Isaacs, J., & Downing, T. (1998). Cold war: An illustrated history 1945-1991. New York: Little, Brown.
19.
Jeffreys-Jones, R. (2003). The CIA and American democracy (3rd ed.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
20.
Jones, J.H. (1993). Bad blood: The Tuskegee syphilis experiment. New York: Free Press.
21.
Kirschenbaum, H. (1979). On becoming CarlRogers. New York: Delacorte.
22.
Kirschenbaum, H. (2007). The life and work of Carl Rogers. Ross-on-Wye, UK: PCCS Books.
23.
Lane, A. (2001). Introduction: The cold war as history. In K. Larres & A. Lane (Eds.), The cold war: The essential readings (pp. 1-16). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
24.
Lee, M.A., & Shlain, B. (1992). Acid dreams: The complete social history of LSD: The CIA, the sixties, and beyond. New York: Grove.
25.
Marks, J. (1979). The search for the “Manchurian candidate”: The CIA and mind control. New York: Norton.
26.
McCullough, D. (1992). Truman. New York: Simon & Shuster.
27.
Nugent, F.A. (2000). Introduction to the profession of counseling (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill.
28.
O'Neill, W.L. (1986). American high: The years of confidence, 1945-1960 . New York: Free Press.
29.
Raser, J.R. (1967). Cross-cultural simulation research. International Journal of Psychology, 2(1), 59-67.
30.
Roessler, R., & Greenfield, N. (Eds.). (1962). Physiological correlates of psychological disorder. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
31.
Rogers, C.R. (1942). Counseling and psychotherapy: New concepts in practice. Boston: Houghton Mifflin .
32.
Rogers, C.R. (1944). Adjustment after combat: A study of returned combat gunners and their utilization in the flexible gunnery training program (Restricted publication). Fort Myers, FL: Army Air Forces Instructors School Flexible Gunnery.
Rogers, C.R. (1951b, March 5). Memorandum to Messrs. F. H. Knight, et al. Unpublished.
35.
Rogers, C.R. (1956, November 7). Relationship with the Department of Psychiatry and the School of Medicine, Memorandum to Lawrence Kimpton. Unpublished.
36.
Rogers, C.R. (1957). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21, 95-103.
37.
Rogers, C.R. (1958). Professional activities—Professor Carl R. Rogers, Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry calendar year 1958. Unpublished.
38.
Rogers, C.R. (1959a). Professional activities—Professor Carl R. Rogers, Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry calendar year 1959. Unpublished.
39.
Rogers, C.R. (1959b). Some questions about sodium amytal (A tentative note). Unpublished.
40.
Rogers, C.R. (1962). A study of psychotherapeutic change in schizophrenics and normals: The design and instrumentation. Psychiatric Research Reports, 15, 51-60.
41.
Rogers, C.R. (1967). Autobiography. In E. W. Boring & G. Lindzey (Eds.), A history of psychology in autobiography (Vol. 5, pp. 343-384). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
42.
Rogers, C.R. (1986, summer). The Rust workshop: A personal overview . Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 26(3), 23-45.
43.
Rogers, C. R., & Dymond, R. F. (Eds.). (1954). Psychotherapy and personality change. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
44.
Rogers, C. R., Gendlin, E. T., Kiesler, D. J., & Truax, C. B. (Eds.). (1967). The therapeutic relationship and its impact: A study of psychotherapy with schizophrenics. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
45.
Rogers, C.R., Roessler, R., & Greenfield, N. (1958). Psychosomatic relationships in adaptation. Unpublished.
46.
Rogers, C.R., & Russell, D.E. (2002). Carl Rogers: The quiet revolutionary: An oral history. Roseville, CA: Penmarin .
47.
Rogers, C.R., & Skinner, B.F. (1956). Some issues concerning the control of human behavior. A symposium. Science, 124(3231), 1057-1066.
48.
Rogers, C.R., & Wallen, J.L. (1946). Counseling with returned servicemen. New York: McGraw-Hill.
49.
Ross, C. (1997). The CIA and military mind control research: Building the Manchurian candidate: Part one. Retrieved October 1, 2005 , from http://www.mindcontrolforums.com/radio/ckln01.htm
50.
Ross, C.A. (2000). Bluebird: Deliberate creation of multiple personality by psychiatrists. Richardson, TX: Manitou Communications.
51.
Rudmin, F. (1999). Carl Rogers worked for the CIA. Peace Research, 31, 4, 77.
52.
Skinner, B.F. (1948). Walden two. New York: Macmillan.
53.
Skinner, B.F. (1968). The behavior of organisms: An experimental analysis . New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts .
54.
Smith, B.F. (1997). The American road to central intelligence. In R. Jeffreys-Jones & C. Andrew (Eds.), Eternal vigilance? 50 years of theCIA (pp. 1-20). London: Frank Cass .
55.
Thomas, G. (1989). Journey into madness: The true story of secret CIA mind control and medical abuse. New York: Bantam.
56.
Thorne, B. (2003). CarlRogers (2nd ed.). London: Sage .
57.
Wolff, H., & Hinkle, L. (1956, August). Communist interrogation and indoctrination of “enemies of the state”—An analysis of methods used by the communist state police. AMA Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 76, 115-174.
