Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

To study the prevalence of p53 inactivation and MDM2/p21^WAFI/CIP1 expression in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced lymphoproliferation, 19 samples obtained after IP injection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from EBV-seropositive donors or lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) were analyzed. In all samples tested, overexpression of Ki-67 antigen was shown by immunohistochemistry, indicating a high proliferative index of SCID mice EBV-induced lymphoproliferation. P53 mutations were screened by functional assay in yeast in 14 samples. With this test, a p53-inactivating mutation was found in only one case; the remaining cases exhibited a wild-type p53 pattern. However, an accumulation of p53 protein was detected by immunohistochemistry in six of 19 samples. P21 expression was found in seven of 19 samples but was not correlated with the rate of p53 protein in tumors. In contrast, high levels of nuclear accumulation of MDM2 were found in all samples by immunohistochemistry. These results suggest that a high Ki-67 proliferative index in SCID mice EBV-induced lymphoproliferation is not due to the inactivation of p53 by mutation, but could be associated with an overexpression of MDM2, which would act by a p53-independent mechanism.

Keywords

p53 MDM2 p21 WAFI/CIP1 SCID mice EBV lymphoproliferation human

In malignant lymphomas, molecular studies indicate that p53 gene mutation is a common genetic abnormality that is specifically associated with certain lymphoma subtypes, such as Burkitt's lymphoma (Lo Coco et al. 1993). P53 plays a critical role in transactivation of a variety of growth-inhibitory signals of cell cycle control, via distinct mechanisms. Its inactivation may lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation and a predisposition to neoplasia. The molecular mechanisms of p53 function imply transactivation of p53-depen-dent genes, such as the p21^WAFI/CIP1 and MDM2 (murine double minute) genes (Levine 1997). The MDM2 gene encodes for a 90-kD protein that forms a complex with p53 protein and inhibits its transactivating properties, preventing it from intervening in the cell cycle (Momand et al. 1992). Overexpression of MDM2 in tumor cells, which allows its association with p53, is mainly due to MDM2 gene amplification (Leach et al. 1993; Reifenberger et al. 1993), but other mechanisms have also been described, including an elevated level of MDM2 mRNA (Zhou et al. 1995) or enhanced levels of translation (Landers et al. 1994,1997; Capoulade et al. 1998). Furthermore, several articles have reported that MDM2 protein and/or MDM2 mRNA are overexpressed in a variety of neoplasms, including leukemia and lymphomas (Watanabe et al. 1994; Marks et al. 1996). p21^WAFI/CIP1 belongs to the class of protein kinase inhibitors that target the members of the cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) family (Harper et al. 1993; Xiong et al. 1993). P53 is activated after DNA damage and increases p21^WAFI/CIP1 transcription, which in turn inhibits cdks and therefore impedes progression from the G₁- to the S-phase. The expression and function of p21^WAFI/CIP1 after DNA damage appear to be strictly dependent on the presence of functional wild-type p53 (Dulic et al. 1994; el-Deiry et al. 1994; Li et al. 1994).

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice (Mosier et al. 1988) reconstituted with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-seropositive donors or lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) rapidly develop lethal solid human B-cell lymphoproliferation. These animals develop EBV-induced lymphoproliferation, that histologically and phenotypically resembles the aggressive lymphoproliferative disease that can arise in immunocompromised individuals (Nakamine et al. 1991; Rowe et al. 1991). Therefore, they constitute a useful tool for study of EBV-induced lymphomagenesis in humans.

Using these EBV-induced lymphoproliferations in SCID mice, studies were performed to assess the cell proliferation index, MDM2 overexpression, and the prevalence of p53 inactivation. P53 mutations and its accumulation were studied using both a functional assay in yeast and immunohistochemistry. Ki-67, MDM2, and p21^WAFI/CIP1 expression was simultaneously analyzed by immunohistochemistry.

Materials and Methods

Human Leukocytes and Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines

PBMCs were obtained after informed consent from two EBV-seropositive volunteers (M and T) undergoing lymphapheresis. Prior EBV infection was confirmed by testing for the presence of serum anti-viral capsid antigen (VCA) and anti-Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen IgG. Human PBMCs were prepared by Ficoll-Hypaque gradient centrifugation. EBV-transformed LCLs were prepared in our laboratory by in vitro infection of PBMCs obtained from two volunteer donors, with the EBV B95-8 strain in the presence of cyclosporin A 0.2 μg/ml (Sandoz; Lyon, France). All cell lines were maintained at 37C in RPMI 1640 medium (ICN; Orsay, France) containing 2 mM L-glutamine, 1 mM pyruvate, 50 U/ml penicillin, 50 μg/ml streptomycin, and supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (GIBCO BRL; Cergy Pontoise, France). Two lymphoblastoid cell lines were establishe: sa and clo.

Reconstitution of SCID Mice with Human PBMCs or LCLs

CB-17 female scid/scid (SCID) mice were purchased from IFFA-Credo (L'Arbresle, France) and kept under specific pathogen-free conditions. A laminar flow isolator was used during manipulation of the animals, which were housed in groups of up to five in a filter-top cage on sterile bedding and were provided with sterile food and water ad libitum.

For our study, all mice were screened for the “leaky” phenotype, and animals showing more than 50 μg/ml IgG in their serum were excluded. To remove NK activity in vivo, animals were treated for 30 days with rabbit anti-asialo GM1 antiserum (Wako Chemicals, Osaka, Japan; 20 μ1/ mouse). Nine SCID mice (9 weeks old) were injected IP with 80 X 10⁶ PBMCs and 10 with 10 X 10⁶ LCLs. Mice were monitored twice weekly for tumor development. Animals that developed tumors were sacrificed when clinical signs of disease (ruffled fur and palpable abdominal masses) were observed. Mice that did not develop any tumors were sacrificed after 36 weeks of observation. The tumors were located in the peritoneal cavity and excised at autopsy. Tumor masses and organs were fixed in paraformaldehyde/saline for histopathological and immunohistochemical studies.

Histopathology and Immunohistochemical Analysis

Histopathological study was performed on 5-μm sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Giemsa. For immunohistochemical study, the streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase method was performed on paraffin sections, using a commercially available kit (LSAB; Dako, Trappes, France). The following monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were used: anti-Ki-67 prediluted (MIB-10) and anti-MDM2 diluted at 1:50 (1B10) (Immunotech; Marseille, France); anti-p21 diluted at 1:50 (NCL-WAF-1) (Novocastra; Le Perray en Yveline, France); and anti-p53 diluted at 1:20 (DO-7) (Dako). The phenotype of the lesions was evaluated using an anti-CD20 antibody diluted at 1:20 (L26) (Dako). Briefly, tissue sections were deparaffinized, underwent a microwave treatment (three times for 5 min), were incubated in 3% H₂O₂ in 70% methanol for 20 min, and were preblocked with bovine serum albumin for 30 min before incubation with the primary antibody. The diaminobenzidine (DAB) detection method was used with hematoxylin counterstaining of the nuclei. A high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and a breast carcinoma known to be p53- and MDM2-positive, respectively, were used as positive controls. In addition, BL2 (a Burkitt's lymphoma cell line), in which we have previously reported overexpression of MDM2 protein (Capoulade et al. 1998), was used also as positive control. Sections in which the primary antibodies were omitted served as negative controls to check the antibody specificity, and a case of AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was used as negative control because of its previously reported absence of overexpression of MDM2 protein (Martin et al. 1998). Quantitative analysis of immunolabeled sections was performed on a Biocom image analyzer (Biocom; Les Ulis, France) using Historag 2 software to score individual nuclei of the tumor cells for the presence of p53, p21^WAFI/CIP1, MDM2, and Ki-67 indices. Four fields of each section were measured and results were expressed as mean percentage of the labeled area. The labeling of p53 was considered to be positive when >5% of nuclei were labeled, because some p53-positive cells can be seen in human reactive lymphoid tissue (Villuendas et al. 1992). The same cut-off (5%) was used for MDM2 and p21^WAFI/CIP1 expression analysis.

The presence of small nuclear EBV-encoded RNA was determined by in situ hybridization on paraffin sections using FITC-labeled, EBER1-specific oligonucleotides (Dako) according to the manufacturer's instructions. An anti-FITC MAb, an alkaline phosphate anti-alkaline phosphate (APAAP) mouse system, and the AP substrate BCIP/NBT (Dako) were used in the detection procedure.

P53 Functional Assay in Yeast

RNA was extracted from frozen samples using a Quik-prep micro-mRNA purification kit (Pharmacia; Orsay, France) and was resuspended in 200 μl of elution buffer with 50 U of RNase inhibitor (Sigma; Saint Quentin-Fallavier, France). Random hexamer-primed cDNA was synthesized from 20 μl mRNA in a final volume of 33 μl using a first-strand cDNA synthesis kit (Pharmacia). P53 cDNA was PCR-amplified with primers P3 and P4 as previously described (Flaman et al. 1995). The status of p53 cDNA was then determined using the yeast functional assay (Flaman et al. 1995). Briefly, yeast was co-transformed with PCR-amplified p53 cDNA and a linearized expression vector, and the p53 cDNA was cloned in vivo by homologous recombination. The recipient yeast strain (yIG397) is defective in adenine synthesis because of a mutation in the endogenous ADE2 gene but contains a second copy of the ADE2 open reading frame controlled by a p53-responsive promoter. Therefore, ADE2-mutant strains grown on low adenine plates turn red, yIG397 colonies containing mutant p53 (or no p53) are red, and colonies containing wild-type p53 are white.

Results

All samples obtained after IP injection of PBMCs from EBV-seropositive donors or LCLs into SCID mice were high-grade large B-cell immunoblastic lymphomas with large area of necrosis. The morphology was consistent with the histological description of EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disease or large B-cell lymphoma arising in immunosupressed patients (Na-kamine et al. 1991; Rowe et al. 1991; Veronese et al. 1994). Plasmacyte differentiation was more frequently observed in LCL SCID mice lymphoproliferation than in PBMC tumors (respectively six of 10 cases and one of nine cases (not shown). Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that all tumors were of B-cell origin, as shown by B-cell marker expression (CD20), and were associated with EBV, as confirmed by in situ hybridization with the EBER1 probe (not shown).

The expression of Ki-67 antigen (MIB1), a nuclear protein associated with cell proliferation and found throughout the cell cycle (G₁-, S-, G₂-, M-phases), was used to verify the proliferative activity of the tumor mass. Immunolabeling for Ki-67 showed strong nuclear reactivity (Figure 1a) in all tumors (Table 1). The percentage of Ki-67-reactive cells ranged from 47 to 97%. No differences were observed between the two groups of tumors (LCL vs PBMC) in terms of proliferative activity.

A p53 functional assay was used to determine p53 gene status in our series of EBV-induced lymphopro liferations. Using this method, previous studies have shown that tissue containing only wild-type p53 give 5-10% red colonies (Flaman et al. 1995), which corresponds to a background resulting mainly from PCR-induced point mutations. The p53 functional assay results from tumors are shown in Table 1. In 14 samples, more than 90% white colonies were found, indicating the presence of wild-type p53 in these samples, whereas one case (M3) exhibited a mutant p53 pattern with 40% red colonies (Figure 2). Because of the lack of enough tumor material, in four samples the p53 gene status could not be determined by the functional assay. We next investigated whether the p53 protein was expressed in the same samples, using IHC analysis (Figure 1d). The results obtained by immunohistochemistry were heterogeneous (Table 1). Positive cases were observed more frequently in the PBMC SCID mice lymphoproliferation group (five of nine cases) compared to the LCL SCID mice lymphoproliferation group (one of 10 cases). Among the positive cases from the first group, one case (M3) showing 20% p53-positive cells by immunohistochemistry was associated with p53 gene mutations, detected by the functional assay. Cases T2 and T3 showed 74 and 11% positive cells by immunohistochemistry, respectively, whereas no p53 mutations were detected by the functional assay. In M1 and M2 cases, 31 and 14% positive cells were detected but we could not evaluate the status of the p53 gene. In the LCL SCID mice lymphoproliferation group, only one case (clo2) showed significant p53 protein expression (16%) by immunohistochemistry, associated with a wild-type p53 gene.

MDM2 protein expression was studied and was compared to p53 expression and gene status in the same samples of tumors. In all the p53(+) and p53(−) samples that contained wild-type p53, a significant nuclear accumulation of MDM2 protein was found compared to control cells (Figure 1b), whereas in the negative control (a case of AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma) we did not detect any expression of MDM2 protein (Figure 1c). The rate of MDM2 expression ranged from 40 to 70% of labeled cells (Table 1). Significant levels of MDM2 expression (>50% of labeled cells) were also seen in one unique case (M3) in which mutations of p53 were detected by functional assay.

p21^WAFI/CIP1 protein expression (Figure 1e) was compared to p53 gene status and p53/MDM2 expression in the same SCID mice EBV-induced lymphoproliferations. In our series of tumors, the results were heterogeneous (Table 1): Seven of 19 cases showed more than 10% labeled cells (three cases in PBMC SCID mice lymphoproliferation and four cases in LCL SCID mice lymphoproliferation). However, MDM2 protein was also detected in the cases in which p21^WAF1/CIP1 protein was expressed.

Figure 1

Immunohistochemical patterns for Ki-67, MDM2, p53 and p21^WAFI/CIP1 in SCID mouse EBV-induced lymphoproliferation. Magnification is the same in all photographs. Immunolabeling of (a) Ki-67 antigen and (b) MDM2 protein, showing intense positivity in almost all nuclei. (c) An AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (negative control) in which no accumulation of MDM2 protein was detected. (d) p53 and (e) p21^WAFI/CIP1 protein immunolabeling in the same samples shows nuclear positivity in some nuclei of tumor cells. Bar = 10 μm.

Discussion

The proliferative activity of our EBV-induced lymphoproliferation was investigated in terms of Ki-67 antigen detection, which has become a standard procedure for assessment of degree of cell proliferation in tumors (Barbareschi et al. 1994; Leers et al. 1997). High levels of this antigen were demonstrated in all samples, indicating that a majority of tumor cells are in the cell cycle. A detailed cell cycle analysis showed that Ki-67 nuclear antigen is expressed in G₁, S, G₂, and mitosis, but not in G₀ (Gerdes et al. 1984). The amount of antigen varies throughout the cell cycle and reaches a maximum during G₂- and M-phase (Sasaki et al. 1987; Wersto et al. 1988). Our results are in contradiction to those reported by Rochford et al. (1993), using flow cytometry and acridine orange to analyze the cell cycle ex vivo. Several reasons may explain the discrepancy between Ki-67 score and flow cytometry results. Perhaps most importantly, Ki-67 reactivity includes cells in the G₁-phase of the cell cycle, whereas DNA flow cytometry kinetics data exclude this portion of the replicating cells. Furthermore nuclear debris may be variable from case to case, falsely decreasing DNA flow cytometric growth fractions, particularly in high-grade lymphomas with large nuclei, whereas in situ analysis of Ki-67 positive cells allows specific targeting of tumor cells only.

P53 mutations have been shown to occur in various human lymphomas, particularly in Burkitt's lymphoma (Gaidano et al. 1991). We have previously shown (Martin et al. 1998) that the functional assay in yeast allows detection of p53 mutations with a threshold of 10% of mutant cells, whereas the standard SSCP analysis was inefficient under 20% of mutant cells. Therefore, the results obtained in this study with the p53 yeast functional assay enable us to conclude that SCID mice EBV-induced lymphoproliferation is not associated with p53 mutations in all tested samples except one (M3). It is noteworthy that 20% of cells were p53(+) in this sample and that 40% of yeast colonies harbored a mutated p53 cDNA. These results could correspond to an oligoclonal tumor with a particular subset of cells selected for the p53 mutation. Moreover, it should be noted that this tumor was obtained 9 weeks after injection of PBMCs into an SCID mouse, whereas the other PBMC tumors were obtained 11-12 weeks after PBMC injection. The p53 results obtained with the functional assay showed that most SCID mouse EBV-induced lymphoproliferation was not associated with p53 mutations. These results are in agreement with previous results obtained by Murphy and co-workers (Funakoshi et al. 1995), who have shown that tumors arising in human PBL SCID mice did not contain mutations in p53, using immunoprecipitation analysis and wild-type and mutant-specific antibodies to p53. The immunohistochemical results of p53 expression were heterogeneous. We detected p53 accumulation in some cases but no detection of p53 expression in the others. The fact that no p53 mutations were detected by functional assay in the majority of our cases of EBV-induced lymphoproliferation, in spite of its overexpression, can be explained by two mechanisms. The first is an increase in the stability of p53 protein by interaction with another protein, particularly the EBV EBNA5 protein (Szekely et al. 1993). However, if such interactions were obtained in vitro, they remain to be demonstrated in vivo. The second is an overexpression of p53 protein induced by a viral protein such as LMP1 or EBNA2, via activation of NF-KB transcription factor, as was previously reported (Chen and Cooper 1996). Although we did not investigate the direct role of EBV latent proteins on p53 expression in our series of EBV-induced lymphoproliferation, it is interesting that there was a difference in the expression of p53 protein between PBMC and LCL SCID mice lymphoproliferation, with more p53-positive cases in PBMC SCID mice, and only one case in LCL SCID mice. It is probable that an increased rate of p53 protein expression was not sufficient to block the cell cycle, as was shown in LCL lines by Cannell et al. (1998).

Table 1

p53 status and expression of MDM2, p21^WAF1/CIP1, and Ki-67 antigen in the two groups of SCID mouse EBV-induced lymphoproliferation

	Ki-67	p53		MDM2	p21^WAF1/CIP1
Tumor	(%) labeled cells)	IHC a	FA b	(% labeled cells)	(%) labeled cells)
PBMC SCID mice
M1	60	31	nd	69	2
M2	88	14	nd	69	7
M3	75	20	mut	58	11
M4	57	4	wt	49	4
M5	68	6	wt	10	2
M6	47	5	wt	74	0
T1	92	0	wt	41	0
T2	89	74	wt	35	31
T3	97	11	wt	45	11
LCL SCID mice
sa1	61	0	nd	52	0
sa2	84	5	nd	60	0
sa3	71	0	wt	42	0
sa4	68	0	wt	65	34
sa5	47	0	wt	71	44
sa6	83	3	wt	57	3
sa7	59	0	wt	32	3
c1o1	54	2	wt	71	18
c1o2	60	16	wt	49	11
c1o3	61	0	wt	45	2

Immunohistochemistry (% of labeled cells).

Functional assay; more than 10% of red colonies indicates an inactivated mutant p53; mut, mutant p53 pattern of the functional assay; wt, wild-type p53; nd, not determined.

Recent studies have shown that the MDM2 gene is a target gene wild-type p53 protein and that an auto-regulatory feedback loop exists between the two molecules, which regulates both the activity of the p53 protein and the expression of MDM2 gene (Barak et al. 1993; Wu et al. 1993). The interactions between p53 and MDM2 in normal and neoplastic cells appear quite complex. Different polypeptides may arise from various spliced mRNAs from the MDM2 gene, from post-transcriptional modifications of MDM2 protein, or from the use of alternative promoters (Piette et al. 1997). The hypothesis that function of the p53 protein can be inactivated by overexpression of MDM2 is not very probable because MDM2 expression is seen independently of the level of p21^WAFI/CIP1 expression in all cases of our series of EBV-induced lymphoproliferation. Moreover, previous data showed that MDM2/ p53 complex did not modify p53 protein stability but, conversely, could lead to reduction in p53 protein levels through enhanced proteasome-dependent degradation (Kubbutat et al. 1997). MDM2 could also act independently of p53. It was recently shown that MDM2 can promote tumorigenesis by interacting with Rb (Sun et al. 1998). On the other hand, the accumulation of MDM2 protein in tumor cells might be mainly a consequence of MDM2 gene amplification (Leach et al. 1993; Reifenberger et al. 1993). In our samples, amplification of the MDM2 gene is unlikely to explain the accumulation of MDM2 because previously published data have suggested that MDM2 gene amplification is uncommon in hematological malignancies (Quesnel et al. 1994). Further studies will be conducted to determine the mechanism of accumulation of MDM2. In a series of 17 cases of post-transplant lymphomas, which represent the closest pathological model for SCID mouse EBV-induced lymphoproliferation (Mosier et al. 1992) we found MDM2 expression in 13 of17 cases, analyzed by immunohistochemistry (not shown).

Figure 2

P53 functional assay in yeast in SCID mouse EBV-induced lymphoproliferation. Left, case M4 without inactivating mutation of the p53 gene (5% red colonies); right, case M3 with inactivating mutation of p53 (40% red colonies).

In B-cells infected by EBV, the increased levels of p53 protein imply an induction of p21^WAFI/CIP1 expression (Cannell et al. 1998). However, in our series of EBV-induced lymphoproliferation, we were not able to show an obvious link between expression of the two proteins. In addition, the expression of p21^WAFI/CIP1 protein in some samples of our series of EBV-induced lymphoproliferation, may be associated with a p53-independent mechanism, as was previously reported by in vivo and in vitro studies (Michieli et al. 1994; Macleod et al. 1995). Moreover, previous data have shown that the levels of p21^WAFI/CIP1 expression were not sufficiently high to block the cell cycle in LCL lines (Cannell et al. 1998).

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

Supported by the Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le SIDA (ANRS) 97008 (MR), and the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale SIDACTION (5ème appel d'offres)(MR).

We thank Dr Alberto Amadoria and Dr Ariana Veronisi (Institute of Oncology; Padova, Italy) for help in reconstitution of SCID mice with human PBMCs. We also thank Jean François Coulon, Martine Moity, and Eric Jeanpierre for excellent technical assistance.

References

Barak

Juven

Haffner

Oren

(1993) mdm2 expression is induced by wild type p53 activity. EMBO J 12:461–468.

Barbareschi

Girlando

Mauri

Forti

Eccher

Mauri

Togni

Dalla Palma

Doglioni

(1994) Quantitative growth fraction evaluation with MIB1 and Ki67 antibodies in breast carcinomas. Am J Clin Pathol 102:171–175.

Cannell

Farrell

Sinclair

(1998) Cell cycle arrest following exposure of EBV-immortalised B-cells to gamma irradiation correlates with inhibition of cdk2 activity. FEBS Lett 439:297–301.

Capoulade

Bressac-de Paillerets

Lefrere

Ronsin

Feunteun

Tursz

Wiels

(1998) Overexpression of MDM2, due to enhanced translation, results in inactivation of wild-type p53 in Burkitt's lymphoma cells. Oncogene 16:1603–1610.

Chen

Cooper

(1996) Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 and latent membrane protein independently transactivate p53 through induction of NF-kappaB activity. J Virol 70:4849–4853.

Dulic

Kaufmann

Wilson

Tlsty

Lees

Harper

Elledge

Reed

(1994) p53-dependent inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase activities in human fibroblasts during radiation-induced G1 arrest. Cell 76:1013–1023.

el-Deiry

Harper

O'Conner

Velculescu

Canman

Jackman

Pietenpol

Burrell

Hill

Wang

Wilman

Mercer

Kastan

Kohn

Elledge

Kinzler

Vogelstein

(1994) WAF1/CIP1 is induced in p53-mediated G1 arrest and apoptosis. Cancer Res 54:1169–1174.

Flaman

Frebourg

Moreau

Charbonnier

Martin

Chappuis

Sappino

Limacher

Bron

Benhattar

Tada

Van Meir

Estreicher

Iggo

(1995) A simple p53 functional assay for screening cell lines, blood, and tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:3963–3967.

Funakoshi

Beckwith

Fanslow

Longo

Murphy

(1995) Epstein-Barr virus-induced human B-cell lymphoma arising in HuPBL-SCID chimeric mice: characterization and the role of CD40 stimulation in their treatment and prevention. Pathobiology 63:133–142.

10.

Gaidano

Ballerini

Gong

Inghirami

Neri

Newcomb

Magrath

Knowles

Dalla-Favera

(1991) p53 mutations in human lymphoid malignancies: association with Burkitt lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:5413–5417.

11.

Gerdes

Lemke

Baisch

Wacker

Schwab

Stein

(1984) Cell cycle analysis of a cell proliferation-associated human nuclear antigen defined by the monoclonal antibody Ki-67. J Immunol 133:1710–1715.

12.

Harper

Adami

Wei

Keyomarsi

Elledge

(1993) The p21 Cdk-interacting protein Cip1 is a potent inhibitor of G1 cyclin-dependent kinases. Cell 75:805–816.

13.

Kubbutat

Jones

Vousden

(1997) Regulation of p53 stability by Mdm2. Nature 387:299–303.

14.

Landers

Cassel

George

(1997) Translational enhancement of mdm2 oncogene expression in human tumor cells containing a stabilized wild-type p53 protein. Cancer Res 57:3562–3568.

15.

Landers

Haines

Strauss

Jr George

(1994) Enhanced translation: a novel mechanism of mdm2 oncogene overexpression identified in human tumor cells. Oncogene 9:2745–2750.

16.

Leach

Tokino

Meltzer

Burrell

Oliner

Smith

Hill

Sidransky

Kinzler

Vogelstein

(1993) p53 Mutation and Mdm2 amplification in human soft tissue sarcomas. Cancer Res 53:2231–2234.

17.

Leers

Theunissen

Ramaekers

Schutte

(1997) Multiparameter flow cytometric analysis with detection of the Ki67-Ag in paraffin embedded mammary carcinomas. Cytometry 27:283–289.

18.

Levine

(1997) p53, the cellular gatekeeper for growth and division. Cell 88:323–331.

19.

Jenkins

Nichols

Xiong

(1994) Cell cycle expression and p53 regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21. Oncogene 9:2261–2268.

20.

Lo Coco

Gaidano

Louie

Offit

Chaganti

Dalla-Favera

(1993) p53 mutations are associated with histologic transformation of follicular lymphoma. Blood 82:2289–2295.

21.

Macleod

Sherry

Hannon

Beach

Tokino

Kinzler

Vogelstein

Jacks

(1995) p53-dependent and independent expression of p21 during cell growth, differentiation, and DNA damage. Genes Dev 9:935–944.

22.

Marks

Vonderheid

Kurz

Bigler

Sinha

Morgan

Sukman

Nowell

Haines

(1996) Analysis of p53 and mdm-2 expression in 18 patients with Sezary syndrome. Br J Haematol 92:890–899.

23.

Martin

Flaman

Frebourg

Davi

El Mansouri

Amouroux

Raphael

(1998) Functional analysis of the p53 protein in AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and polymorphic lymphoproliferations. Br J Haematol 101:311–317.

24.

Michieli

Chedid

Lin

Pierce

Mercer

Givol

(1994) Induction of WAF1/CIP1 by a p53-independent pathway. Cancer Res 54:3391–3395.

25.

Momand

Zambetti

Olson

George

Levine

(1992) The mdm-2 oncogene product forms a complex with the p53 protein and inhibits p53-mediated transactivation. Cell 69:1237–1245.

26.

Mosier

Gulizia

Baird

Wilson

(1988) Transfer of a functional human immune system to mice with severe combined immunodeficiency. Nature 335:256–259.

27.

Mosier

Picchio

Kirven

Garnier

Torbett

Baird

Kobayashi

Kipps

(1992) EBV-induced human B cell lymphomas in hu-PBL-SCID mice. AIDS Res Hum Retrovir 8:735–740.

28.

Nakamine

Okano

Taguchi

Pirruccello

Davis

Beisel

Kleveland

Sanger

Fordyce

Purtilo

(1991) Hematopathologic features of Epstein-Barr virus-induced human B-lymphoproliferation in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency. A model of lymphoproliferative diseases in immunocompromised patients [see comments]. Lab Invest 65:389–399.

29.

Piette

Neel

Marechal

(1997) Mdm2: keeping p53 under control. Oncogene 15:1001–1010.

30.

Quesnel

Preudhomme

Oscier

Lepelley

Collyn-d'Hooghe

Facon

Zandecki

Fenaux

(1994) Over-expression of the MDM2 gene is found in some cases of haematological malignancies. Br J Haematol 88:415–418.

31.

Reifenberger

Liu

Ichimura

Schmidt

Collins

(1993) Amplification and overexpression of the MDM2 gene in a subset of human malignant gliomas without p53 mutations. Cancer Res 53:2736–2739.

32.

Rochford

Hobbs

Garnier

Cooper

Cannon

(1993) Plasmacytoid differentiation of Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cells in vivo is associated with reduced expression of viral latent genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:352–356.

33.

Rowe

Young

Crocker

Stokes

Henderson

Rickinson

(1991) Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated lymphoproliferative disease in the SCID mouse model: implications for the pathogenesis of EBV-positive lymphomas in man. J Exp Med 173:147–158.

34.

Sasaki

Murakami

Kawasaki

Takahashi

(1987) The cell cycle associated change of the Ki-67 reactive nuclear antigen expression. J Cell Physiol 133:579–584.

35.

Sun

Dong

Dai

Hannon

Beach

(1998) p53-independent role of Mdm2 in Tgf-beta1 resistance. Science 282:2270–2272.

36.

Szekely

Selivanova

Magnusson

Klein

Wiman

(1993) EBNA-5, an Epstein-Barr virus-encoded nuclear antigen, binds to the retinoblastoma and p53 proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:5455–5459.

37.

Veronese

Veronesi

Bruni

Coppola

D'Andrea

Del Mistro

Mezzalira

Montagna

Ruffatto

Amadori

Cheico—Bianchi

(1994) Properties of tumors arising in SCID mice injected with PBMC from EBV-positive donors. Leukemia 8(suppl 1):S214–217.

38.

Villuendas

Piris

Orradre

Mollejo

Algara

Sanchez

Martinez

(1992) P53 protein expression in lymphomas and reactive lymphoid tissue. J Pathol 166:235–241.

39.

Watanabe

Hotta

Ichikawa

Kinoshita

Nagai

Uchida

Murate

Saito

(1994) The MDM2 oncogene overexpression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and low-grade lymphoma of B-cell origin. Blood 84:3158–3165.

40.

Wersto

Herz

Gallagher

Koss

(1988) Cell cycle-dependent reactivity with the monoclonal antibody Ki-67 during myeloid cell differentiation. Exp Cell Res 179:79–88.

41.

Bayle

Olson

Levine

(1993) The p53-mdm-2 autoregulatory feedback loop. Genes Dev 7:1126–1132.

42.

Xiong

Hannon

Zhang

Casso

Kobayashi

Beach

(1993) p21 is a universal inhibitor of cyclin kinases [see Comments]. Nature 366:701–704.

43.

Zhou

Yeager

Smith

Findley

(1995) Overexpression of the MDM2 gene by childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells expressing the wild-type p53 gene. Blood 85:1608–1614.

High Expression of MDM2 Protein and Low Rate of p21 WAF1/CIP1 Expression in SCID Mice Epstein Barr Virus-induced Lymphoproliferation

Abstract

Keywords

Materials and Methods

Human Leukocytes and Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines

Reconstitution of SCID Mice with Human PBMCs or LCLs

Histopathology and Immunohistochemical Analysis

P53 Functional Assay in Yeast

Results

Discussion

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

References