The global administrations are focusing much on the development of sustainable materials, and that too with the help of industrial waste. The inclusion of wastage not only sustains the green environment but also avails the cost-benefit in disposing of the waste. The present research targets the processing of a novel sandwich Kevlar fibre woven resin-impregnated composite reinforced core with by-products of waste tyres called crumb rubbers. The usual open moulding technique was followed to fabricate the sandwich composite with varying weight percentages of crumb rubber as 0, 5, 10 and 15 (KF-CR-0, 5, 10, 15). The structural and thermal rigidity of the proposed composite was examined through tensile testing and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The tensile test results indicate the exceptional structural rigidity of KF-CR-15 by possessing 68.30 % higher tensile strength than KF-CR-0. The TGA result corroborates a delayed thermal degradation of the sandwich composite with higher crumb rubber loading. Further, the results reveal that 51 % escalated width of thermal degradation is observed for the sandwich composite with a higher loading of crumb rubber than the zero loading. The fracture morphology executed after the tensile test distinguishes the delamination effect and firm bonding to proclaim a clear understanding of the strengthening mechanism.
AlsubariSZuhriMYMSapuanSM, et al.Potential of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites in sandwich structures: a review on its mechanical properties. Polymers2021; 13(3): 423.
2.
Vijaya RamnathBAlagarrajaKElanchezhianC. Review on sandwich composite and their applications. Mater Today Proc2019; 16: 859–864.
3.
GoodarzMBahramiSHSadighiM, et al.Low-velocity impact performance of nanofiber-interlayered aramid/epoxy nanocomposites. Compos B Eng2019; 173: 106975.
4.
KausarAAhmadIRakhaSA, et al.State-of-the-art of sandwich composite structures: manufacturing—to—high performance applications. J Compos Sci2023; 7(3): 102.
5.
ZarrinNAbbasiMGoodarzM, et al.A study on energy dissipation of aramid composite reinforced with a new shear thickening gel (n-STG)/PVA polymer matrix. J Compos Mater2025; 59: 00219983251316366.
6.
NgLFSubramaniamKMohd IshakN. An overview of the natural/synthetic fibre-reinforced metal-composite sandwich structures for potential applications in aerospace sectors. Advanced Composites in Aerospace Engineering Applications2022; 2022: 177–194.
7.
MahfuzHIslamMSRangariVK, et al.Response of sandwich composites with nanophased cores under flexural loading. Compos B Eng2004; 35(6-8): 543–550.
8.
Yaseer OmarMXiangCGuptaN, et al.Syntactic foam core metal matrix sandwich composite: compressive properties and strain rate effects. Mater Sci Eng, A2015; 643: 156–168.
9.
MeraghniFDesrumauxFBenzeggaghM. Mechanical behaviour of cellular core for structural sandwich panels. Compos Appl Sci Manuf1999; 30(6): 767–779.
10.
Soleimani-JavidZMouradA-HI. Sandwich engineering structures with cellular core: a review. In: 2022 Advances in Science and Engineering Technology International Conferences (ASET). Piscataway: IEEE, 2022.
11.
CarlssonLAKardomateasGA. Structural and failure mechanics of sandwich composites. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media, 2011, vol 121.
12.
ChenBJiaYNaritaF, et al.Multifunctional cellular sandwich structures with optimised core topologies for improved mechanical properties and energy harvesting performance. Compos B Eng2022; 238: 109899.
13.
YalkinHEIctenBMAlpyildizT. Enhanced mechanical performance of foam core sandwich composites with through the thickness reinforced core. Compos B Eng2015; 79: 383–391.
14.
AzzouzLChenYZarrelliM, et al.Mechanical properties of 3-D printed truss-like lattice biopolymer non-stochastic structures for sandwich panels with natural fibre composite skins. Compos Struct2019; 213: 220–230.
15.
CoriglianoARizziEPapaE. Experimental characterization and numerical simulations of a syntactic-foam/glass-fibre composite sandwich. Compos Sci Technol2000; 60(11): 2169–2180.
16.
YeGBiHChenL, et al.Compression and energy absorption performances of 3D printed polylactic acid lattice core sandwich structures. 3D Print Addit Manuf2019; 6(6): 333–343.
17.
WangBHuJLiY, et al.Mechanical properties and failure behavior of the sandwich structures with carbon fiber-reinforced X-type lattice truss core. Compos Struct2018; 185: 619–633.
18.
TurnerAJAl RifaieMMianA, et al.Low-velocity impact behavior of sandwich structures with additively manufactured polymer lattice cores. J Mater Eng Perform2018; 27: 2505–2512.
19.
WeiKWangKChengX, et al.Structural and thermal analysis of integrated thermal protection systems with C/SiC composite cellular core sandwich panels. Appl Therm Eng2018; 131: 209–220.
MohammedBSAdamuMShafiqN. A review on the effect of crumb rubber on the properties of rubbercrete. Int J Civ Eng Technol2017; 8(9): 599–615.
22.
DuanKWangCLiuJ, et al.Research progress and performance evaluation of crumb-rubber-modified asphalts and their mixtures. Constr Build Mater2022; 361: 129687.
23.
Kumar ChilukuriSNarendra RautAKumarS, et al.Enhancing thermal performance and energy Efficiency: optimal selection of steel slag crumb rubber blocks through Multi-Criteria decision Making. Constr Build Mater2023; 409: 134094.
24.
JangaSRautANAdamuM, et al.Multi-response optimization of thermally efficient RC-based geopolymer binder using response surface methodology approach. Developments in the Built Environment2024; 19: 100528.
25.
RautANAdamuMSinghRJ, et al.Investigating crumb rubber-modified geopolymer composites derived from steel slag for enhanced thermal performance. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal2024; 59: 101880.
26.
HuangWXuHFanZ, et al.Compressive response of composite ceramic particle-reinforced polyurethane foam. Polym Test2020; 87: 106514.
27.
KhanTAydınOAAcarV, et al.Experimental investigation of mechanical and modal properties of Al2O3 nanoparticle reinforced polyurethane core sandwich structures. Mater Today Commun2020; 24: 101233.
28.
MoradaGOuaddayRVadeanA, et al.Low-velocity impact resistance of ATH/epoxy core sandwich composite panels: experimental and numerical analyses. Compos B Eng2017; 114: 418–431.
29.
MacDonnellLSadeghianP. Experimental and analytical behaviour of sandwich composites with glass fiber-reinforced polymer facings and layered fiber mat cores. J Compos Mater2020; 54(30): 4875–4887.
30.
DuYYanNKortschotMT. Light-weight honeycomb core sandwich panels containing biofiber-reinforced thermoset polymer composite skins: fabrication and evaluation. Compos B Eng2012; 43(7): 2875–2882.
31.
DjamaKMichelLGaborA, et al.Mechanical behaviour of a sandwich panel composed of hybrid skins and novel glass fibre reinforced polymer truss core. Compos Struct2019; 215: 35–48.
32.
StewartJKMahfuzHCarlssonLA. Enhancing mechanical and fracture properties of sandwich composites using nanoparticle reinforcement. J Mater Sci2010; 45: 3490–3496.
33.
TangQFangLGuoW. Effects of bamboo fiber length and loading on mechanical, thermal and pulverization properties of phenolic foam composites. J Bioresour Bioprod2019; 4(1): 51–59.
CavalcantiDKBaneaMNetoJ, et al.Comparative analysis of the mechanical and thermal properties of polyester and epoxy natural fibre-reinforced hybrid composites. J Compos Mater2021; 55(12): 1683–1692.
36.
ChenrayanVGebremaryamGShahapurkarK, et al.Experimental and numerical assessment of the flexural response of banana fiber sandwich epoxy composite. Sci Rep2023; 13(1): 18156.
37.
AlblalaihidKShahapurkarKChennarayanV, et al.Experimental investigation on the flexural response of epoxy composites filled with environmental pollutant crump rubber. Mater Res Express2022; 9(3): 035503.
38.
ParetaASGuptaRPandaS. Experimental investigation on fly ash particulate reinforcement for property enhancement of PU foam core FRP sandwich composites. Compos Sci Technol2020; 195: 108207.
39.
BashaMWagihAMelaibariA, et al.On the impact damage resistance and tolerance improvement of hybrid CFRP/Kevlar sandwich composites. Microporous Mesoporous Mater2022; 333: 111732.
40.
SarwarAMahboobZZderoR, et al.Mechanical characterization of a new Kevlar/Flax/epoxy hybrid composite in a sandwich structure. Polym Test2020; 90: 106680.
41.
SoleimaniSSOzdemirO. Experimental and numerical studies on quasi‐static behavior of sandwich composites with nano clay modified Kevlar facesheets and aluminum honeycomb core. Polym Compos2024; 58: 13196–13211.
42.
YuanHZhangJSunH. The failure behavior of double-layer metal foam sandwich beams under three-point bending. Thin-Walled Struct2022; 180: 109801.
43.
RenPDingCLiuY, et al.Dynamic response and failure of carbon/epoxy composite sandwich subjected to underwater impulsive loading. Int J Impact Eng2020; 143: 103614.
44.
SaadatkhahNCarillo GarciaAAckermannS, et al.Experimental methods in chemical engineering: thermogravimetric analysis—TGA. Can J Chem Eng2020; 98(1): 34–43.
45.
BottomR. Thermogravimetric analysis. In: Principles and applications of thermal analysis. Hoboken: Wiley, 2008, pp. 87–118.
46.
RameshPPrasadBDNarayanaK. Influence of montmorillonite clay content on thermal, mechanical, water absorption and biodegradability properties of treated kenaf fiber/PLA-hybrid biocomposites. Silicon2021; 13(1): 109–118.
47.
ChiparaMLozanoKHernandezA, et al.TGA analysis of polypropylene–carbon nanofibers composites. Polym Degrad Stabil2008; 93(4): 871–876.
