Lattice truss core sandwich composite (LTCSC) panels can exhibit high compressive performance until failure is caused by compressive fracture of the composite strut. Early failure of the core-facesheet and central nodes, as well as fiber misalignment, can hinder the full potential of an LTCSC. This study aimed at improving the compressive stiffness and strength of LTCSC panels through minimizing the fiber misalignment and fabrication issues, while strengthening the central and core-facesheet nodes. The lost-molding technique was used to fabricate LTCSC panels, which were then subjected to quasi-static flatwise compression testing. Relative positioning of neighboring composite struts, modification of the carbon fiber path, and strengthening of the core-facesheet node significantly improved the compressive performance of the panels. Based on the findings, compressive strength and stiffness of LTCSC panels can be improved about 100% and 300%, respectively, with minimal increase in weight. Fabricated LTCSC panels were found to demonstrate competitive specific compressive properties in comparison with conventional core materials.
KooistraG. Compressive behavior of age hardenable tetrahedral lattice truss structures made from aluminium. Acta Mater2004;52:4229–4237. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2004.05.039.
2.
AshbyMF. The properties of foams and lattices. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci2006;364:15–30. DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2005.1678.
3.
FinneganKKooistraGWadleyHNG, et al.The compressive response of carbon fiber composite pyramidal truss sandwich cores. Int J Mater Res2007;98:1264–1272. DOI: 10.3139/146.101594.
EvansAGHeMYDeshpandeVS, et al.Concepts for enhanced energy absorption using hollow micro-lattices. Int J Impact Eng2010;37:947–959. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2010.03.007.
6.
GaoRLiDDongL, et al.Numerical analysis of the mechanical properties of 3D random voronoi structures with negative poisson’s ratio. Phys Status Solidi B2019;256:1800539. DOI: 10.1002/pssb.201800539.
7.
JishiHZUmerRCantwellWJ. The fabrication and mechanical properties of novel composite lattice structures. Mater Des2016;91:286–293. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2015.11.112.
8.
JacobsenAJBarvosa-CarterWNuttS. Micro-scale truss structures formed from self-propagating photopolymer waveguides. Adv Mater2007;19:3892–3896. DOI: 10.1002/adma.200700797.
9.
JacobsenAJBarvosa-CarterWNuttS. Compression behavior of micro-scale truss structures formed from self-propagating polymer waveguides. Acta Mater2007;55:6724–6733. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2007.08.036.
10.
FanHLMengFHYangW. Mechanical behaviors and bending effects of carbon fiber reinforced lattice materials. Arch Appl Mech2006;75:635–647. DOI: 10.1007/s00419-006-0032-x.
11.
FengL-JWuL-ZYuG-C. An Hourglass truss lattice structure and its mechanical performances. Mater Des2016;99:581–591. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2016.03.100.
12.
DongLWadleyH. Shear response of carbon fiber composite octet-truss lattice structures. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing2016;81:182–192. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.11.015.
13.
CloughECEnsbergJEckelZC, et al.Mechanical performance of hollow tetrahedral truss cores. Int J Solids Struct2016;91:115–126. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2016.04.006.
14.
WangBHuJLiY, et al.Mechanical properties and failure behavior of the sandwich structures with carbon fiber-reinforced X-type lattice truss core. Compos Struct2018;185:619–633. DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.11.066.
15.
ZhouJWangYLiuJ, et al.Temperature effects on the compressive properties and failure mechanisms of composite sandwich panel with Y-shaped cores. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing2018;114:72–85. DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2018.08.003.
16.
DongL. Mechanical responses of snap-fit Ti-6Al-4V warren-truss lattice structures. Int J Mech Sci2020;173:105460. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2020.105460.
GargAChalakHDBelarbiM-O, et al.A parametric analysis of free vibration and bending behavior of sandwich beam containing an open-cell metal foam core. Archiv Civ Mech Eng2022;22:56. DOI: 10.1007/s43452-021-00368-3.
19.
GargAChalakHDZenkourAM, et al.Bending and free vibration analysis of symmetric and unsymmetric functionally graded CNT reinforced sandwich beams containing softcore. Thin-Walled Structures2022;170:108626. DOI: 10.1016/j.tws.2021.108626.
20.
BelarbiM-OTatiAOunisH, et al.On the free vibration analysis of laminated composite and sandwich plates: a layerwise finite element formulation. Lat Am J Solids Struct2017;14:2265–2290. DOI: 10.1590/1679-78253222.
21.
BelarbiMZenkourAMTatiA, et al.An efficient eight‐node quadrilateral element for free vibration analysis of multilayer sandwich plates. Int J Numer Methods Eng2021;122:2360–2387. DOI: 10.1002/nme.6624.
22.
XiongJMaLWuL, et al.Fabrication and crushing behavior of low density carbon fiber composite pyramidal truss structures. Compos Struct2010;92:2695–2702. DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2010.03.010.
23.
KimHChoBHHurH-K, et al.A composite sandwich panel integrally woven with truss core. Mater Des 1980-20152015;65:231–242. DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2014.08.064.
24.
DastanTSafianASheikhzadehM. The crashworthiness performance of integrally woven sandwich composite panels made using natural and glass fibers. J Compos Mater2021;55:1279–1292. DOI: 10.1177/0021998320964847.
Le RoyGBinetruyCKrawczakP. Continuous manufacturing and performance of 3D reinforced sandwich structures. In: ThomsenOTBozhevolnayaELyckegaardA, editors. Sandw. Struct. 7 Adv. Sandw. Struct. Mater, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2005, p. 693–702. DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-3848-8_70.
27.
LascoupBAbouraZKhellilK, et al.On the mechanical effect of stitch addition in sandwich panel. Compos Sci Technol2006;66:1385–1398. DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.09.005.
28.
SunYGuoLCWangTS, et al.Bending strength and failure of single-layer and double-layer sandwich structure with graded truss core. Compos Struct2019;226:111204. DOI: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111204.
29.
LiXXiongJMaL, et al.Effect of vacuum thermal cycling on the compression and shear performance of composite sandwich structures containing pyramidal truss cores. Compos Sci Technol2018;158:67–78. DOI: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2018.01.042.
HeWLiuJTaoBXieDLiuJZhangM. Experimental and numerical research on the low velocity impact behavior of hybrid corrugated core sandwich structures. Compos Struct2016; 158: 30–43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.09.009.
33.
ZhangGWangBMaLXiongJWuL. Response of sandwich structures with pyramidal truss cores under the compression and impact loading. Compos Struct2013; 100: 451–63, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2013.01.012.
34.
FengL-JXiongJYangL-HYuG-CYangWWuL-Z. Shear and bending performance of new type enhanced lattice truss structures. Int J Mech Sci2017; 134: 589–98, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2017.10.045.
35.
WuQVaziriAAslMEGhoshRGaoYWeiXMaLXiongJWuL. Lattice materials with pyramidal hierarchy: Systematic analysis and three dimensional failure mechanism maps. J Mech Phys Solids2019; 125: 112–44, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2018.12.006.
36.
XiongJMaLVaziriAYangJWuL. Mechanical behavior of carbon fiber composite lattice core sandwich panels fabricated by laser cutting. Acta Mater2012; 60: 5322–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2012.06.004.
HuJLiuAZhuSZhangHWangBZhengHZhouZ. Novel panel-core connection process and impact behaviors of CF/PEEK thermoplastic composite sandwich structures with truss cores. Compos Struct2020; 251: 112659, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112659.
39.
AbediMMJafari NedoushanRSheikhzadehMYuW-R. The crashworthiness performance of thin-walled ultralight braided lattice composite columns: Experimental and finite element study. Compos Part B Eng2020; 202: 108413, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108413.
40.
D20 Committee. ASTM D2734 - Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced Resins. ASTM International; n.d. https://doi.org/10.1520/D2584-18.
D20 Committee. ASTM E2954 -Test Method for Axial Compression Test of ReinforcedPlastic and Polymer Matrix Composite Vertical Members. ASTM International; n.d. https://doi.org/10.1520/D2734-16.
43.
D30 Committee. ASTM International, 2005. ASTM C365/C365M - Test Method for Flatwise Compressive Properties of Sandwich Coreshttps://doi.org/10.1520/C0365_C0365M-22.
44.
RinaldiRGBernal-OstosJHammetterCIJacobsenAJZokFW. Effects of material heterogeneities on the compressive response of thiol-ene pyramidal lattices. J Mater Sci2012; 47: 6621–32, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-012-6598-5.
45.
RinaldiRGHammetterCIZokFW. Ameliorating property gradients in photocured polymer lattices via thermal curing. Mater Lett2013; 105: 155–8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2013.04.048.
46.
HammetterCIRinaldiRGZokFW. Pyramidal Lattice Structures for High Strength and Energy Absorption. J Appl Mech2013; 80: 041015, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4007865.
47.
KawAK. Mechanics of composite materials. 2nd ed.Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis, 2006.
48.
AlcockBCabreraNOBarkoulaN-MLoosJPeijsT. The mechanical properties of unidirectional all-polypropylene composites. Compos Part Appl Sci Manuf2006; 37: 716–26, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.07.002.
49.
ChamisCC. Simplified composite micromechanics equations for hygral, thermal and mechanical properties 1983.
WangBWuLMaLSunYDuS. Mechanical behavior of the sandwich structures with carbon fiber-reinforced pyramidal lattice truss core. Mater Des1980-2015 2010; 31: 2659–63, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2009.11.061.
52.
LiMWuLMaLWangBGuanZ. Mechanical Response of All-composite Pyramidal Lattice Truss Core Sandwich Structures. J Mater Sci Technol2011; 27: 570–6, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1005-0302(11)60110-2.
