Evaluation of the influence of cooling rate on residual strain development in unidirectional carbon fibre/polyphenylenesulfide laminates using embedded fibre Bragg grating sensors
Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online June, 2017
Evaluation of the influence of cooling rate on residual strain development in unidirectional carbon fibre/polyphenylenesulfide laminates using embedded fibre Bragg grating sensors
This study investigates the influence of cooling rate on the residual strain of the carbon fibre/polyphenylenesulfide unidirectional laminates. Three different cooling rates (−300℃/min, −100℃/min and −10℃/min) were applied to simulate a wide range of cooling conditions. The crystallisation behaviour which depends on the cooling rate was evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry. A process monitoring test was then conducted using embedded fibre Bragg grating sensors. In-plane transverse strain of carbon fibre/polyphenylenesulfide unidirectional laminates was measured and the results were presented based on the crystallisation behaviour determined by differential scanning calorimetry. Furthermore, residual strain change after subsequent annealing was examined. This study successfully demonstrates the effectiveness of in situ process monitoring using fibre Bragg grating sensors for evaluating material behaviour of thermoplastic composites during rapid heating and cooling under realistic processing conditions.
CongswellFN. CarlssonLA (ed.) Introduction – Thermoplastic composite materials, in thermoplastic composite materials, Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V., 1991, pp. 1–25.
2.
GaoSLKimJK. Cooling rate influences in carbon fibre/PEEK composites. Part I. Crystallinity and interface adhesion. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf2000; 31: 517–530.
3.
HouMYeLLeeHJ. Manufacturing of a carbon-fabric-reinforced polyetherimide (CF/PEI) composite material. Compos Sci Technol1998; 58: 181–190.
4.
LessardHLebrunGBenkaddourA. Influence of process parameters on the thermostamping of a [0/90]12 carbon/polyether ether ketone laminate. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf2015; 70: 59–68.
5.
TierneyJJGillespieJWJr. Crystallization kinetics behavior of PEEK based composites exposed to high heating and cooling rates. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf2004; 35: 547–558.
6.
Landry B and Hubert P. Modelling pressure distribution during cooling of randomly-oriented strand carbon/PEEK composites. In: Proceeding 20th international conference on composite materials, Copenhagen, 2015.
7.
LawrenceWEMansonMansonJAE. Thermal and morphological skin-core effects in processing of thermoplastic composites. Composites1990; 21: 475–480.
8.
BraunerCPetersCBrandweinF. Analysis of process-induced deformations in thermoplastic composite materials. J Compos Mater2014; 48: 2779–2791.
9.
LandryBHubertP. Experimental study of defect formation during processing of randomly-oriented strand carbon/PEEK composites. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf2015; 77: 301–309.
10.
SchaweJEK. Analysis of non-isothermal crystallization during cooling and reorganization during heating of isotactic polypropylene by fast scanning DSC. Thermochim Acta2015; 603: 85–93.
11.
Van DrongelenMVan ErpTBPertersGWM. Quantification of non-isothermal, multi-phase crystallization of isotactic polypropylene: The influence of cooling rate and pressure. Polymer2012; 53: 4758–4769.
12.
LeeTHBoeyFYCKhorKA. On the determination of polymer crystallinity for a thermoplastic PPS composite by thermal analysis. Compos Sci Technol1995; 53: 259–274.
13.
UngerWJHansenJS. The effect of thermal processing on residual strain development in unidirectional graphite fibre reinforced PEEK. J Compos Mater1993; 27: 59–81.
14.
HsiehAJDesperCRSchneiderNS. Transient crystallization of an aromatic polyetherimide: effect of annealing. Polymer1992; 33: 306–313.
15.
ParlevlietPPBerseeHENBuekersA. Residual stresses in thermoplastic composites – A study of the literature. Part III: Effects of thermal residual stresses. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf2007; 38: 1581–1596.
16.
KimKSHahnHTCromanRB. The effects of cooling rate on residual stress in a thermoplastic composite. J Compos Technol Res1989; 11: 47–52.
17.
KuglerDMoonTJ. Identification of the most significant processing parameters on the development of fiber waviness in thin laminates. J Compos Mater2002; 36: 1451–1479.
18.
Warnet LL. On the effect of residual stresses on the transverse cracking in cross-ply carbon-polyetherimide laminates. PhD Thesis, University of Twente, Netherlands, 2000.
19.
JainLKHouMYeL. Spring-in study of the aileron rib manufactured from advanced thermoplastic composite. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf1998; 29: 973–979.
20.
WisnomMRGigliottiMErsoyN. Mechanisms generating residual stresses and distortion during manufacture of polymer-matrix composite structures. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf2006; 37: 522–529.
21.
RamakrishnanMRajanGSemenovaY. Overview of fiber optic sensor technologies for strain/temperature sensing applications in composite materials. Sensors2016; 16: 99.
22.
LuyckxGVoetELammensN. Strain measurements of composite laminates with embedded fibre Bragg gratings: Criticism and opportunities for research. Sensors2010; 11: 384–408.
23.
Di SanteR. Fibre optic sensors for structural health monitoring of aircraft composite structures: Recent advances and applications. Sensors2015; 15: 18666–18713.
24.
KinetDMégretPGoossenKW. Fiber Bragg grating sensors toward structural health monitoring in composite materials: Challenges and solutions. Sensors2014; 14: 7394–7419.
25.
MinakuchiSTakedaN. Recent advancement in optical fiber sensing for aerospace composite structures. Photon Sens2013; 3: 345–354.
26.
NawabYShahidSBoyardN. Chemical shrinkage characterization techniques for thermoset resins and associated composites. J Mater Sci2013; 48: 5387–5409.
27.
MinakuchiS. In situ characterization of direction-dependent cure-induced shrinkage in thermoset composite laminates with fiber-optic sensors embedded in through-thickness and in-plane directions. J Compos Mater2015; 49: 1021–1034.
28.
SorensenLGmürTBotsisJ. Residual strain development in as AS4/PPS thermoplastic composite measured using fibre Bragg grating sensors. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf2006; 37: 270–281.
29.
KuangKSCZhangLCantwellWJ. Process monitoring of aluminum-foam sandwich structures based on thermoplastic fibre-metal laminates using fibre Bragg gratings. Compos Sci Technol2005; 65: 669–676.
30.
Gaitzsch RR, Koerdt M, Brauner C, et al. Signal evaluation of fibre optical sensors embedded between unidirectional thermoplastic prepreg tapes in a hot-press consolidation for online process monitoring. In: Proceedings of the 20th international conference on composite materials, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2015, 5206-1.
TakedaSTsukadaTSugimotoS. Monitoring of water absorption in CFRP laminates using embedded fiber Bragg grating sensors. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf2014; 61: 163–171.
33.
ParlevlietPPBerseeHENBuekersA. Residual stresses in thermoplastic composites – A study of the literature. Part I: Formation of residual stresses. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf2006; 37: 1847–1857.
