Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene–based nanocomposites reinforced with nano-sized hydroxyapatite particles were fabricated using internal mixer and compression molding with different weight percent of the nano-hydroxyapatite. In this study, first, hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were synthesized by sol–gel. Then, the mechanical and biological properties of nanocomposites were studied by tensile test and proliferation and cell adhesion assays using MG-63 osteoblast cells, respectively. Results of the tensile test showed that incorporation of 50 wt% nano-hydroxyapatite led to a 345.64% and 57.58% increase in Young's modulus and yield strength (compared to the pure ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene), respectively. The effect of the nano-hydroxyapatite powders on the MG-63 osteoblast cells behavior was compared to those of a composite (positive control) and a negative control samples. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs revealed that cell–biomaterial interaction was carried out on the surface of the nanocomposites with normal phenotypic shape. Results of MTT assay exhibited that all samples are biocompatible.
GergelyGWéberFLukácsI. Nano-hydroxyapatite preparation from biogenic raw materials. Central Eur J Chem2010; 8: 375–381.
4.
ŠupováM. Problem of hydroxyapatite dispersion in polymer matrices: a review. J Mater Sci Mater Med2009; 20: 1201–1213.
5.
RamakrishnaSMayerJWintermantelE. Biomedical applications of polymer-composite materials: a review. Compos Sci Technol2001; 61: 1189–1224.
6.
YoshimuraM. Importance of soft solution processing for advanced inorganic materials. J Mater Res1998; 13: 796–802.
7.
RigoEBoschiAYoshimotoM. Evaluation in vitro and in vivo of biomimetic hydroxyapatite coated on titanium dental implants. Mater Sci Eng C2004; 24: 647–651.
8.
BrandtJHenningSMichlerG. Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite for bone repair: an animal study. J Mater Sci Mater Med2010; 21: 283–294.
9.
Dutta RoyTSimonJLRicciJL. Performance of hydroxyapatite bone repair scaffolds created via three-dimensional fabrication techniques. J Biomed Mater Res A2003; 67: 1228–1237.
10.
Akhilesh K, Patrick J and Schmidt G. Nanocomposite Polymer Biomaterials for Tissue Repair of Bone and Cartilage: A Material Science Perspective. Nanobiomaterials Handbook. USA: Taylor & Francis Group, 2011.
11.
PanYXiongD. Influence of dispersant and heat treatment on the morphology of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite. J Mater Eng Perform2010; 19: 1037–1042.
12.
Mirsalehi SA, Khavandi A, Mirdamadi S, et al. Nanomechanical and tribological behavior of hydroxyapatite reinforced ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene nanocomposites for biomedical applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2015; 132(23): 42052(1–11).
13.
LiWGuanCXuJ. Disentangled UHMWPE/POSS nanocomposites prepared by ethylene in situ polymerization. Polymer2014; 55: 1792–1798.
14.
HomaeigoharSShokrgozarMSadiAY. In vitro evaluation of biocompatibility of beta-tricalcium phosphate-reinforced high-density polyethylene; an orthopedic composite. J Biomed Mater Res A2005; 75: 14–22.
15.
SattariMNaimi-JamalMRKhavandiA. Interphase evaluation and nano-mechanical responses of UHMWPE/SCF/nano-SiO2 hybrid composites. Polym Test2014; 38: 26–34.
16.
KrzypowDJRimnacCM. Cyclic steady state stress–strain behavior of UHMW polyethylene. Biomaterials2000; 21: 2081–2087.
17.
CooperJDowsonDFisherJ. Macroscopic and microscopic wear mechanisms in ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. Wear1993; 162: 378–384.
18.
AndersonBCBloomPDBaikerikarK. Al–Cu–Fe quasicrystal/ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene composites as biomaterials for acetabular cup prosthetics. Biomaterials2002; 23: 1761–1768.
19.
HashimotoMTakadamaHMizunoM. Titanium dioxide/ultra high molecular weight polyethylene composite for bone-repairing applications: preparation and biocompatibility. Key Eng Mater2002; 240: 415–418.
20.
HashmiSNeogiSPandeyA. Sliding wear of PP/UHMWPE blends: effect of blend composition. Wear2001; 247: 9–14.
21.
RoySPalS. Characterization of silane coated hollow sphere alumina-reinforced ultra high molecular weight polyethylene composite as a possible bone substitute material. Bull Mater Sci2002; 25: 609–612.
22.
TongJMaYJiangM. Effects of the wollastonite fiber modification on the sliding wear behavior of the UHMWPE composites. Wear2003; 255: 734–741.
ZhouJYanF. Improvement of the tribological behavior of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene by incorporation of poly (phenyl p-hydroxyzoate). J Appl Polym Sci2005; 96: 2336–2343.
25.
FangLLengYGaoP. Processing and mechanical properties of HA/UHMWPE nanocomposites. Biomaterials2006; 27: 3701–3707.
26.
KnetsIBuninaLFilipenkovV. Ultrahigh-molecular weight polyethylene and hydroxylapatite-based materials for replacement of bone tissue. Mech Compos Mater1993; 29: 181–189.
27.
GulRMMcgarryFJ. Processing of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene by hot isostatic pressing, and the effect of processing parameters on its microstructure. Polym Eng Sci2004; 44: 1848–1857.
28.
WebsterTJErgunCDoremusRH. Enhanced functions of osteoblasts on nanophase ceramics. Biomaterials2000; 21: 1803–1810.
29.
PerepechkoIIBeknazarovA. An introduction to polymer physics, Moscow: Mir, 1981.
WangMJosephRBonfieldW. Hydroxyapatite-polyethylene composites for bone substitution: effects of ceramic particle size and morphology. Biomaterials1998; 19: 2357–2366.
32.
WangMHenchLBonfieldW. Bioglass (R)/high density polyethylene composite for soft tissue applications: preparation and evaluation. J Biomed Mater Res1998; 42: 577–586.
33.
BonfieldWGrynpasMTullyA. Hydroxyapatite reinforced polyethylene—a mechanically compatible implant material for bone replacement. Biomaterials1981; 2: 185–186.
34.
JiBGaoH. Mechanical properties of nanostructure of biological materials. J Mech Phys Solids2004; 52: 1963–1990.
35.
WeinerSWagnerHD. The material bone: structure-mechanical function relations. Ann Rev Mater Sci1998; 28: 271–298.
36.
RuanSGaoPYangX. Toughening high performance ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene using multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Polymer2003; 44: 5643–5654.
37.
Lawrence E and Nielsen RFL. Mechanical Properties of Polymers and Composites. USA: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 1994.
38.
KalantariSMArabiHMirdamadiS. Biocompatibility and compressive properties of Ti-6Al-4V scaffolds having Mg element. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater2015; 48: 183–191.
39.
FangL. Processing of HA/UHMWPE for orthopaedic applications, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2003.
40.
MirsalehiSAKhavandiAMirdamadiS. Nanomechanical and tribological behavior of hydroxyapatite reinforced ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene nanocomposites for biomedical applications. J Appl Polym Sci2015; 132. : n/a-n/a.
41.
FangLLengYGaoP. Processing of hydroxyapatite reinforced ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene for biomedical applications. Biomaterials2005; 26: 3471–3478.
42.
TouraniHMolazemhosseiniAKhavandiA. Effects of fibers and nanoparticles reinforcements on the mechanical and biological properties of hybrid composite polyetheretherketone/short carbon fiber/Nano-SiO2. Polym Compos2013; 34: 1961–1969.
43.
AbadiMGhasemiIKhavandiA. Synthesis of nano β-TCP and the effects on the mechanical and biological properties of β-TCP/HDPE/UHMWPE nanocomposites. Polym Compos2010; 31: 1745–1753.
44.
KanataniMSugimotoTFukaseM. Effect of elevated extracellular calcium on the proliferation of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells: its direct and indirect effects via monocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun1991; 181: 1425–1430.
45.
EharaAOgataKImazatoS. Effects of α-TCP and TetCP on MC3T3-E1 proliferation, differentiation and mineralization. Biomaterials2003; 24: 831–836.
46.
MonchauFLefevreADescampsM. In vitro studies of human and rat osteoclast activity on hydroxyapatite, β-tricalcium phosphate, calcium carbonate. Biomol Eng2002; 19: 143–152.
47.
ErgunCLiuHHalloranJW. Increased osteoblast adhesion on nanograined hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate containing calcium titanate. J Biomed Mater Res A2007; 80: 990–997.
48.
SuzukiTHukkanenMOhashiR. Growth and adhesion of osteoblast-like cells derived from neonatal rat calvaria on calcium phosphate ceramics. J Biosci Bioeng2000; 89: 18–26.
49.
LozaJCarpioLLawlessG. Role of extracellular calcium influx in EGF-induced osteoblastic cell proliferation. Bone1995; 16: S341–S347.
