In situ polymerization synthesis and characterization of single wall nanotubes/ poly(vinyl)triazole nanocomposites

Abstract

The synthesis of single wall nanotubes (SWNT)/poly(vinyl)triazole (PVTri) composites by in situ emulsion polymerization method and its chemical and physical properties were investigated throughout this work. The surface modification of the SWNT by nitric acid treatment and air oxidation has improved the dispersion of the SWNT in the PVTri matrix. The SWNT/PVTri composite is obtained by covalent bonding of the carboxyl terminated SWNTs to PVTri. The effect of covalent bond formation between PVTri and SWNT on the thermal and electrical properties of the composite is also studied. The spectroscopic, thermal, and microscopic analysis has confirmed the structure, homogeneity, and the morphology of surface functionalized SWNT and SWNT/PVTri composites. SWNT/PVTri composites showed enhanced chemical stability in many common solvents and high electrical conductivity.

Keywords

poly(vinyl)triazole carbon nanotubes in situ polymerization nanocomposites thermal properties electrical properties

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Iijima S. Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature 1991; 354: 56-58.

Kayiran SB , Lamari Darkrim F. and Levesque D. Adsorption properties and structural characterization of activated and nano-carbons . J Phys Chem B 2004; 108: 15211-15215.

Lamari Darkrim F. , Malbrunot P. and Tartaglia GP Review of hydrogen storage by adsorption in carbon nanotubes. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2002 ; 27: 193-202.

Treacy MMJ , Ebbesen TW and Gibson JM Exceptionally high Young’s modulus observed for individual carbon nanotubes . Nature 1996; 38: 678-680.

Biercuk MJ , Llaguno MC , Radosavljevic M. , Hyun JK , Johnson AT and Fischer JE Carbon nanotube composites for thermal management. Appl Phys Lett 2002; 80: 2767-2769.

Kong J. , Zhou C. , Morpurgo A. , Soh HT , Quate CF , Marcus C. , et al. Synthesis, integration, and electrical properties of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes. Appl Phys A: Mater Sci Process 1999; 69: 305-308.

Ajayan M. , Schandler LS and Braun PV Nanocomposite science and technology. New York : Wiley-VCH, 2003.

Bhushan B. Springer handbook of nanotechnology. Berlin: Springer, 2004.

Iijima S. and Ichihashi T. Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter. Nature 1993; 363: 603-605.

10.

Ebbesen TW Carbon nanotubes. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1997.

11.

Dresselhaus MS , Dresselhaus G. and Eklund PC Science of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes . San Diego: Academic Press, 1996.

12.

Wong EV , Sheehan PE and Lieber CM Nanobeam mechanics: elasticity, strength, and toughness of nanorods and nanotubes . Science 1997; 277: 1971-1975.

13.

Rao CNR , Satishkumar BC , Govindaraj A. and Nath M. Nanotubes. Chem Phys Chem 2001; 12: 78-105.

14.

Ajayan PM Nanotubes from carbon. Chem Rev 1999 ; 99: 1787-1799.

15.

Dai HJ Carbon nanotubes: synthesis, integration, and properties. Acc Chem Res 2002; 35: 1035-1044.

16.

Baughman RH , Zakhidov AA and de Heer WA Carbon nanotubes-the route toward applications . Science 2002; 297: 787-792.

17.

Philip B. , Xie JN , Chandrasekhar A. , Abraham J. and Varadan VK A novel nanocomposite from multiwalled carbon nanotubes functionalized with a conducting polymer. Smart Mater Struct 2004 ; 13: 295-298.

18.

Sandler J. , Shaffer MSP , Prasse T. , Bauhofer W. , Schulte K. and Windle AH Development of a dispersion process for carbon nanotubes in an epoxy matrix and the resulting electrical properties. Polymer 1999; 40: 5967-5971.

19.

Fiedler B. , Gojny FH , Wichmann MHG , Nolte MCM and Schulte K. Fundamental aspects of nano-reinforced composites. Compos Sci Tech 2006; 66: 3115-3125.

20.

Aslan A. and Bozkurt A. Development and characterization of polymer electrolyte membranes based on ionical cross-linked poly(1-vinyl-1,2,4 triazole) and poly(vinylphosphonicacid) . J Power Sources 2009; 191: 442-447.

21.

Hassanien A. , Gao M. , Tokumoto M. and Dai L. Scanning tunneling microscopy of aligned coaxial nanowires of polyaniline passivated carbon nanotubes . Chem Phys Lett 2001; 342: 479-484.

22.

Cochet M. , Maser WK , Benito AM , Callejas MA , Martinez MT , Benoit JM , et al. Synthesis of a new polyaniline/nanotube composite: ‘‘in situ’’ polymerization and charge transfer through site-selective interaction. Chem Commun 2001; 1450-1451.

23.

Lau KT and Shi SQ Failure mechanisms of carbon nanotube/epoxy composites pretreated in different temperature environments. Carbon 2002; 40: 2965-2968.

24.

Chen RJ , Zhang Y. , Wnag D. and Dai H. Noncovalent sidewall functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes for protein immobilization. J Am Chem Soc 2001 ; 123: 3838-3839.

25.

Liu J. , Rinzler AG , Dai H. , Hafner JH , Bradley RK , Boul PJ , et al. Fullerene pipes. Science 1998 ; 280: 1253-256.

26.

Chen J. , Hamon MA , Hu H. , Chen Y. , Rao AM , Eklund PC , et al. Solution properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Science 1998; 282: 95-98.

27.

Liu J. , Casavant MJ , Cox M. , Walters DA , Boul P. , Lu W. , et al. Controlled deposition of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes on chemically functionalized templates. Chem Phys Lett 1999; 303: 125-129.

28.

Ham HT , Choi YS , Chee MG , Cha MH and Chung IJ PEDOT-PSS/single wall, carbon nanotubes composites. Polym Eng Sci 2008; 48: 1-10.

29.

Tasis D. , Tagmatarchis N. , Bianco A. and Prato M. Chemistry of carbon nanotubes. Chem Rev 2006 ; 106: 1105-1136.

30.

Murphy H. , Papakonstantinou P. and Okpalugo TI Raman study of multi walled carbon nanotubes functionalized with oxygen groups . J Vac Sci Technol B 2006; 24: 715-720.

31.

Hamon MA , Hu H. , Bhowmik P. , Niyogi S. , Zhao S. , Itkis ME , et al. End-group and defect analysis of soluble single-walled carbon nanotubes. Chem Phys Lett 2001; 347: 8-12.

32.

Bledzki AK and Gassan J. Composites reinforced with cellulose based fibres. Prog Polym Sci 1999; 24: 221-274.

33.

Kathi J. and Rhee KY Surface modification of multiwalled carbon nanotubes using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane . J Mater Sci 2008; 43: 33-37.

34.

Lafuente E. , Callejas MA , Sainz R. , Benito AM , Maser WK , Sanjuan ML , et al. The influence of single-walled carbon nanotube functionalization on the electronic properties of their polyaniline composites. Carbon 2008; 46: 1909-1917.

35.

Park C. , Ounaies Z. , Watson KA , Crooks RE , Smith Jr J. , Lowther SE , et al. Dispersion of single wall carbon nanotubes by in situ polymerization under sonication. Chem Phys Lett 2002; 364: 303-308.

36.

Haggenmueller R. , Du FM , Fischer JE and Winey KI Interfacial in situ polymerization of single wall carbon nanotube/nylon 6,6 nanocomposites . Polymer 2006; 47: 2381-2388.

37.

Vigolo B. , Mamane V. , Valsaque F. , Le THN , Thabit J. , Ghanbaja J. , et al. Evidence of sidewall covalent functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes and its advantages for composite processing . Carbon 2009; 47: 411-419.

38.

Hirsch A. Functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Ang Chemie Int Ed 2002; 41: 1853-859.

39.

Ma PC , Kim JK and Tang BZ Functionalization of carbon nanotubes using a silane coupling agent . Carbon 2006; 44: 3232-3238.

40.

Velasco-Santos C. , Martınez-Hernandez AL , Lozada-Cassou M. , Alvarez-Castillo A. and Castano VM Chemical functionalization of carbon nanotubes through an organosilane . Nanotechnology 2002; 13: 495-498.

41.

Vast L. , Philippin G. , Destree A. , Moreau N. , Fonseca A. , Nagy JB , et al. Chemical functionalization by a fluorinated trichlorosilane of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Nanotechnology 2004; 15: 781-785.

42.

Yuen SM , Ma CCM and Chiang CL Silane grafted MWCNT/polyimide composites - Preparation, morphological and electrical properties. Compos Sci Tech 2008 ; 68: 2842-2848.

43.

Zhu J. , Peng H. , Rodriquez-Macias F. , Margrave JL , Khabashesku VN , Imam AM , et al. Reinforcing epoxy polymer composites through covalent integration of functionalized nanotubes. Adv Funct Mater 2004; 14: 643-648.

44.

Khomenko V. , Frackowiak E. and Beguin F. Determination of the specific capacitance of conducting polymer/nanotubes composites electrodes using different cell configurations. Electrochim Acta 2005; 50: 2499-2506.

45.

Du F. , Scogna RC , Zhou W. , Brand S. , Fischer JE and Winey KI Nanotube networks in polymer nanocomposite: rheology and electrical conductivity . Macromolecules 2004; 37: 9048-9055.

46.

Uzun L. , Kara A. , Tüzmen N. , Karabakan A. , Beşirli N. and Denizli A. Synthesis and characterization of poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate-1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole) copolymer beads for heavy-metal removal. J Appl Polym Sci 2006; 102: 4276-4283.

47.

Acar O. , Sen U. , Bozkurt A. and Ata A. Proton conducting membranes based on poly (2,5-benzimidazole) (ABPBI)-poly(vinylphosphonic acid)blends for fuel cells. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2009; 34: 2724-2730.