The main goal of this research is the fatigue simulation of cross-ply laminates under cyclic tension—tension loading conditions. For this purpose, a progressive fatigue damage model is developed based on two main assumptions. First, it is assumed that off-axis plies are responsible for stress redistribution into the laminate. Second, on-axis plies are responsible for strength reduction and control failure of the laminate. Developed model is capable of predicting the fatigue life and residual strength of cross-ply laminates with a limited experimental data and acceptable accuracy. The results of the model are compared with the experimental data provided in the second part of the present article.
Degreck, J. and Van Paepegem, W. ( 2001). Fatigue Damage Modeling of Fibre-reinforced Composite Materials Review, Appl. Mech. Rev., 54(4): 279-300.
2.
Chou, P.C., Orringer, O. and Rainey, J.H. ( 1976). Post-failure Behavior of Laminates - No Stress Concentration , J. Comp. Mater., 10: 371-381.
3.
Chang, F.K. and Chang, K.Y. ( 1987). Post-failure Analysis of Bolted Composite Joints in Tension or Shear-out Mode Failure, J. Comp. Mater., 21(9): 809-833.
4.
Lessard, L.B. and Shokrieh, M.M. ( 1991). Pinned Joint Failure Mechanisms, Part I - Two Dimensional Modeling, In: CANCOM 91, First Canadian International Composites Conference and Exhibition, Montréal , Québec, Canada, pp. 1D51-1D58.
5.
Rotem, A. ( 1982). Fatigue Failure Mechanism of Composite Laminates , In: Hashin, Z. and Herakovich, C.T. (eds), IUTAM Symposium on Mechanics of Composite Materials, Mechanics of Composite Materials, Recent Advances , pp. 421-435, Blacksburg, VA.
6.
Rotem, A. and Nelson, H.G. ( 1981). Fatigue Behavior of Graphite-epoxy Laminates at Elevated Temperatures. Fatigue of Fibrous Composite Materials, ASTM STP, 723: 152-173.
7.
Rotem, A. and Hashin, Z. ( 1976). Fatigue Failure of Angle Ply Laminates, AIAA J., 14(7): 868-872.
8.
Hashin, Z. ( 1981). Fatigue Failure Criteria for Unidirectional Fiber Composites , J. App. Mech., 48: 846-852.
9.
Hashin, Z. ( 1981). Fatigue Failure Criteria for Combined Cyclic Stress , Int. J. Fract., 17(2): 101-109.
10.
Sims, D.F. and Brogdon, V.H. ( 1977). Fatigue Behavior of Composites Under Different Loading Modes, In: Reifsnider, K.L. and Lauraitis, K.N. (eds), Fatigue of Filamentary Materials, ASTM STP 636, pp. 185-205, ASTM, Philadelphia.
11.
Hahn, H.T. ( 1979). Fatigue Behavior and Life Prediction of Composite Laminates , In: Tsai, S.W. (ed.), Composite Materials: Testing and Design (Fifth Conference), ASTM STP 674, pp. 383-417, ASTM, Philadelphia .
12.
Ellyin, F. and El-Kadi, H. ( 1990). A Fatigue Failure Criterion for Fiber Reinforced Composite Laminae, Compos. Struct., 15: 61-74.
13.
Kawai, M. ( 2004). A Phenomenological Model for Off-axis Fatigue Behavior of Unidirectional Polymer Matrix Composites Under Different Stress Ratios, Comp.: Part A, 35: 955-963.
14.
Chou, P.C. and Croman, R. ( 1978). Residual Strength in Fatigue Based on the Strength-life Equal Rank Assumption, J. Comp. Mater., 12: 177-194.
15.
Chou, P.C. and Croman, R. ( 1979). Degradation and Sudden-death Models of Fatigue of Graphite/Epoxy Composites, In: Tsai, S.W. (ed.), Composite Materials: Testing and Design (Fifth Conference), ASTM STP 674, pp. 431-454, ASTM, Philadelphia .
16.
Halpin, J.C. , Jerina, K.L. and Johnson, T.A. (1973). Characterization of Composites for the Purpose of Reliability Evaluation, In: Whitney, J.M. (ed), Analysis of the Test Methods for High Modulus Fibers and Composites, ASTM STP, 521: 5-64, ASTM , Philadelphia.
17.
Reifsnider, K.L. (1993). A Micromechanical Approach to Fatigue of Composite Material Systems, In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Fatigue and Fatigue Thresholds, Fatigue 93, Montreal, Canada, Vol. II, pp. 1219-1229.
18.
Reifsnider, K.L. (1990). Damage and Damage Mechanics , In: Reifsnider, K.L. (ed.), Fatigue of Composite Materials, pp. 11-77, Elsevier Science Publishers, BV, Amsterdam, The Netherland.
19.
Reifsnider, K.L. and Stinchcomb , W.W. (1986). In: Hahn, H.T. (ed.), Composite Materials: Fatigue and Fracture, ASTM STP907, pp. 298-303, ASTM, Philadelphia .
20.
Reifsnider, K.L. (1986). The Critical Element Model: A Modeling Philosophy, Eng. Fract. Mech., 25(5/6): 739-749.
21.
Shokrieh, M.M. and Lessard, L.B. (2000). Progressive Fatigue Damage Modeling of Composite Materials, Part I: Modeling, J. Comp. Mater., 34(13): 1056-1080.
22.
Shokrieh, M.M. and Lessard, L.B. (2000). Progressive Fatigue Damage Modeling of Composite Materials, Part II: Material Characterization and Model Verification, J. Comp. Mater., 34(13): 1081-1116.
23.
Shokrieh, M.M. and Lessard, L.B. (1997). Multiaxial Fatigue Behavior of Unidirectional Plies Based on Uniaxial Fatigue Experiments-I. Modeling, Int. J. Fatigue, 19(3): 201-207.
24.
Shokrieh, M.M. and Lessard, L.B. (1997). Multiaxial Fatigue Behavior of Unidirectional Plies Based on Uniaxial Fatigue Experiments-II. Experimental Evaluation, Int. J. Fatigue, 19(3): 209-217.
25.
Lessard, L.B. and Shokrieh, M.M. (1995). Two-dimensional Modeling of Composite Pinned Joint Failure, J. Compos. Mater. , 29(5): 671-697.
26.
Charewicz, A. and Daniel, I.M. (1986). Damage Mechanisms and Accumulation in Graphite/ Epoxy Laminates, In: Hahn, H.T. (ed.), Composite Materials: Fatigue and Fracture, ASTM STP907, pp. 274-297, ASTM, Philadelphia .
27.
Miner, M.A. and Calif, S.M. ( 1945). Cumulative Damage in Fatigue, J. Appl. Mech., 67: 59-165.
28.
Ryder, J.T. and Crossman, F.W. ( 1983). A Study of Stiffness, Residual Strength and Fatigue Life Relationships for Composite Laminates, NASA Contract Report CR-172211.
29.
Philippidis, T.P. and Passipoularidis , V.A. (2007). Residual Strength After Fatigue in Composites: Theory vs. Experiment, Int. J. Fatigue, 29(12): 2104-2116.
30.
Adam, T., Dickson, R.F., Jones, C.J., Reiter, H. and Harris, B. ( 1986). A Power Law Fatigue Damage Model for Fiber-reinforced Plastic Laminates, In: Proceedings of Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C3, Vol. 200, pp. 155-166.
31.
Adam, T., Gathercole, N., Reiter, H. and Harris, B. ( 1994). Life Prediction for Fatigue of t800/ 5245 Carbon-fiber Composites: II-Variable-Amplitude Loading, Int. J. Fatigue , 16(8): 533-547.
32.
Boller, K.H. (1957). Fatigue Properties of Fibrous Glass-reinforced Plastics Laminates Subjected to Various Conditions, Mod. Plast., 34(6): 163-186.
33.
Adam, T., Fernando, G., Dickson, R.F., Reiter, H. and Harris, B. ( 1989). Fatigue Life Prediction for Hybrid Composites , Int. J. Fatigue, 11(4): 233-237.
34.
Adam, T., Gathercole, N., Reiter, H. and Harris, B. ( 1992). Fatigue Life Prediction for Carbon Fibre Composites , Adv. Compos. Lett., 1: 23-26.
35.
Gathercole, N. , Adam, T., Harris , B. and Reiter, H. (1992). A Unified Model for Fatigue Life Prediction of Carbon Fibre/Resin Composites , In: Developments in the Science and Technology of Composite Materials, ECCM 5th European Conference on Composite Materials, Bordeaux, France, pp. 89-94.
36.
Gathercole, N., Reiter, H., Adam , T. and Harris, B. (1994). Life Prediction for Fatigue of t800/ 524 Carbon-Fibre Composites: I Constant-Amplitude Loading, Int. J. Fatigue, 16: 523-532.
37.
Hashin, Z. and Rotem, A. ( 1973). A Fatigue Failure Criterion for Fiber Reinforced Materials , J. Comp. Mater., 7: 448-464.
38.
Awerbuch, J. and Hahn, H.T. (1981). Off-axis Fatigue of Graphite/Epoxy Composites. Fatigue of Fibrous Composite Materials , ASTM STP, 723: 243-273, ASTM , Philadelphia.
39.
Shokrieh, M.M. and Taheri-Behrooz , F. (2006). A Unified Fatigue Life Model for Composite Materials, Compos. Struct., 75(1-4): 444-450.
40.
Sandhu, R.S. , Gallo, R.L. and Sendeckyj , G.P. (1982). Initiation and Accumulation of Damage in Composite Laminates, Daniel I.M., (ed), Composite materials: Testing and Design (Sixth Conference), ASTM STP787, 163-182. ASTM, Philadelphia .
41.
Stinchcomb, W.W. and Bakis, C.B. (1990). Fatigue Behavior of CompositeLaminates, In: Reifsnider, K.L. (ed.), Fatigue of Composite Materials, Elsevier Science Publisher, pp. 105-180.
42.
Shimokawa, T. and Hamaguchi, Y. (1983). Distributions of Fatigue Life and Fatigue Strength in Notched Specimens of a Carbon Eight-harness-stain Laminate, J. Comp. Mater., 17: 64-76.
43.
Lee, J.W. , Daniel, I.M. and Mai , Y.W. (1990). Progressive Transverse Cracking of Cross-ply Composite Laminates, J. Comp. Mater. , 24: 1225-1242.
44.
Wharmby, A.W. , Ellyin, F. and Wolodko, J.D. (2003). Observation on Damage Development in Fiber Reinforced Polymer Laminates Under Cyclic Loading, Int. J. Fatigue, 25: 437-446.
45.
Highsmith, A.L. and Reifsnider , K.L. (1982). Stiffness Reduction Mechanisms in Composite Laminates. Damage in Composite Materials, ASTM STP, 775: 103-117.
46.
Diao, X., Ye, l. and Mai, Y.W. (1997). Statistical Fatigue Life Prediction of Cross-ply Composite Laminates, J. Comp. Mater., 31(14): 1442-1460.
47.
Berthelot, J.M. (2003). Transverse Cracking and Delamination in Cross-ply Glass-fiber and Carbon-fiber Reinforced Plastic Laminates: Static and Fatigue Loading, Appl. Mech. Rev., 56(1): 111-145.
48.
Berthelot, J.M. (1999). Modeling the Transverse Cracking in Cross-ply Laminates: Application to Fatigue, Comp. Part B: Eng., 30: 569-577.
