For African Americans, linked fate is the recognition that individual life chances are inextricably tied to the race as a whole. Using data from the 1996 National Black Election Study, the author empirically tested two competing hypotheses about the effect of gender identification on race identification as measured by linked fate. One hypothesis suggests that Black women who identify strongly with their gender will report a lower sense of race identification. The other suggests that Black women who identify strongly with their gender will report a higher sense of race identification. This research is important because it is the first to extend the application of the linked fate model used to measure race identification to the case in which gender matters. By so doing, this study demonstrates the importance of theorizing gender as opposed to simply adding the variable (gender) to a regression model and controlling for its effects statistically.
Baxter, S., & Lansing, M. (1983). Women and politics: The visible majority. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
2.
Browne, I. (1999). Latinas and African American women at work: Race, gender, and economic inequality. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
3.
Chideya, F. (1995). Don’t believe the hype. New York: Plume.
4.
Cohen, C. (1999). The boundaries of Blackness. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
5.
Cole, J. B., & Guy-Sheftall, B. (2003). Gender talk. New York: Ballantine Books.
6.
Collins, P. H. (1990). Black feminist thought (1st ed.). New York: Routledge.
7.
Collins, P. H. (1996). What's in a name? Womanism, Black feminism, and beyond. The Black Scholar, 26 (1), 9-17.
8.
Conover, P. (1988). Feminists and the gender gap. Journal of Politics, 50 (4), 985-1010.
9.
Cook, E. (1989). Measuring feminist consciousness. Women and Politics, 9 (3), 71-88.
10.
Crenshaw, K. (1993). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. In D. Kelly Weisberg (Ed.), Feminist legal theory (pp. 383-395). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
11.
Davis, A. (1981). Women, race, & class. New York: Vintage.
12.
Dawson, M. C. (1994). Behind the mule: Race and class in African American politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
13.
Dawson, M. C. (1997). African American political opinion: Volatility in the Reagan-Bush era. In H. Walton, Jr. (Ed.), African American power and politics (pp. 135-153). New York: Columbia University Press.
14.
Dawson, M. C. (2001). Black visions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
15.
Feagin, J., & Sikes, M. (1994). Living with racism. Boston: Beacon Press.
16.
Gay, C., & Tate, K. (1998). Doubly bound: The impact of gender and race on the politics of Black women. Political Psychology, 19, 169-184.
17.
Gooding-Williams, R. (1993). Reading Rodney King, urban uprising. New York: Routledge.
18.
Gurin, P., Hatchett, S., & Jackson, J. S. (1989). Hope and independence: Blacks'response to electoral and party politics. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
19.
Guy-Sheftall, B. (Ed.). (1995). Words of fire: An anthology of African-American feminist thought. New York: W. W. Norton.
20.
Harris, F. (1999). Something within. New York: Oxford University Press.
21.
Herring, M., Jankowski, T. B., & Brown, R. E. (1999). Pro-Black doesn’t mean anti-White: The structure of African-American group identity. Journal of Politics, 61, 363-386.
22.
Higginbotham, E. (1993). Righteous discontent. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
23.
hooks, B. (1984). Feminist theory: From margin to center. Boston: South End Press.
24.
James, S., & Busia, A. (1993). Theorizing Black feminisms: The visionary pragmatism of Black women. New York: Routledge.
25.
Jaynes, G., & Williams, R. (1989). A common destiny: Blacks and American society. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
26.
Jordan, E. (1997). Race, gender, and social class in the Thomas sexual harassment hearings: The hidden fault lines in political discourse. In A. Wing (Ed.), Critical race feminism: A reader.New York: New York University Press.
27.
King, D. (1988). Multiple jeopardy, multiple consciousness: The context of Black feminist ideology. Signs, 14, 42-72.
28.
King, M. (1975). Oppression and power: The unique status of Blackwomen in the American political system. Social Science Quarterly, 56, 117-128.
29.
Malveaux, J. (1990). Gender difference and beyond: An economic perspective on diversity and commonality amongwomen. In D. L. Rhode (Ed.), Theoretical perspectives on sexual difference (pp. 226-238). New Haven: Yale University Press.
30.
Mansbridge, J., & Tate, K. (1992). Race trumps gender: Black opinion on the Thomas nomination. PS, 25, 488-492.
31.
Prestage, J. L. (1991). In quest of African American politicalwoman. Annals of the American Academy of the Political and Social Sciences, 515, 88-103.
32.
Robinson, D. (1987). The effects of multiple group identity on race consciousness. Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan.
33.
Rothenberg, P. S. (1995). Race, class, and gender in the United States: An integrated study. New York: St. Martin's Press.
34.
Rowe, A., & Jeffries, J. M. (1996). The state of Black America. New York: National Urban League.
35.
Simien, E. (in press). Gender differences in attitudes toward Black feminism. Political Science Quarterly.
36.
Smith, J. C., & Horton, C. P. (1997). Statistical record of Black America. Detroit: Gale Research.
37.
Spelman, E. (1988). Inessential woman: Problems of exclusion in feminist thought. Boston: Beacon.
38.
Springer, K. (Ed.). (1997). Still lifting, still climbing: African American women's contemporary activism. New York: New York University Press.
39.
Staples, R. (1970, January-February). The myth of the Black matriarchy. Black Scholar, pp. 8-16.
40.
Tate, K. (1991). Black political participation in the 1984 and 1988 presidential elections. American Political Science Review, 85, 1159-1176.
41.
Tate, K. (1994). From protest to politics: The new Black voters in American elections. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
42.
Tate, K. (1998). National Black Election Study, 1996 (ICPSR version) [computer file]. Columbus: Ohio State University [Producer]. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-Consortium for Political and Social Research [Distributor].
43.
Terrelonge, P. (1995). Feminist consciousness and Black women. In J. Freeman (Ed.), Women: A feminist perspective. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.
44.
Wilcox, C. (1990). Black women and feminism. Women and Politics, 10, 65-84.
45.
Wilcox, C. (1997). Racial and gender consciousness among African American women: Sources and consequences. Women and Politics, 17, 73-94.
46.
Williams, L. (1987). Black political progress in the 1980s: The electoral arena. In M. B. Preston, L. J. Henderson, & P. L. Puryear (Eds.), The new Black politics (pp. 97-131). New York: Longman.
47.
Wilson, W. J. (1996). When work disappears. New York: Vintage.
48.
Young, I. (1997). Intersecting voices. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
49.
Young, I. (2000). Inclusion and democracy. New York: Oxford University Press.
50.
Zinn, M., & Dill, B. (1996). Theorizing multiracial feminism. Feminist Studies, 22, 321-331.
