The authors used a critical incident interview provided by a female manager and her statements (e.g., “I'm very ineffective emotionally”) as a starting point of an alternative analysis of the term emotional competence. Using reflexive inquiry and deconstruction, the authors argue that terms such as emotional competence , rather than being a reflection of something perceivable as a quality of the subject, are socially produced using language. However, such language is not value free and neutral but—based on the analysis—gendered and subject to power differentials. The authors elaborate on how such terms tend to be regarded as naturalized and reified in more conventional studies and on the implications for organizational members and organizational change.
Abele, A.E. (2003). The dynamics of masculine-agentic and feminine-communal traits: Findings from a prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 768-776.
2.
Alvesson, M., & Billing, Y.D. (1997). Understanding gender and organizations. London: Sage.
3.
Alvesson, M., & Kärreman, D. (2000). Taking the linguistic turn in organizational research . The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 36, 136-158.
4.
Alvesson, M., & Sköldberg, K. (2000). Reflexive methodology: New vistas for qualitative research towards a reflexive methodology. London: Sage.
5.
Ashkanasy, N.M., & Daus, C.S. (2005). Rumors of the death of emotional intelligence in organizational behavior are vastly exaggerated. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 441-452.
6.
Bergman, S.J. (1990). Men's psychological development: A relational perspective. Paper presented at a colloquium, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts.
7.
Billing, Y.D., & Alvesson, M. (2000). Questioning the notion of feminine leadership: A critical perspective on the gender labelling of leadership. Gender, Work and Organization, 7, 144-157.
8.
Boyatzis, R.E. (1982). The competent manager: A model for effective performance . New York: John Wiley.
Boyatzis, R.E., & Sala, F. (2004). The Emotional Competence Inventory (ECI). In G. Geher (Ed.), Measuring emotional intelligence: Common ground and controversy (pp. 147-180). Hauppauge, NY: Nova.
11.
Boyatzis, R.E., Stubbs, E.C., & Taylor, S.N. (2002). Learning cognitive and emotional intelligence competencies through graduate management education. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 1, 150-162.
12.
Burgoyne, J.G. (1993). The competence movement: Issues, stakeholders and prospects. Personnel Review, 22, 6-13.
13.
Calás, M.B., & Smircich, L. (1991). Voicing seduction to silence leadership. Organization Studies, 12, 567-601.
14.
Calás, M.B., & Smircich, L. (1993, March-April) Dangerous liaisons: The "feminization-in management" meets "globalization."Business Horizons, 73-83.
15.
Calás, M.B., & Smircich, L. (1996). From the women's point of view: Feminist approaches to organization studies. In S. R. Clegg , C. Hardy, & W. Nord (Eds.), Handbook of organization studies (pp. 218-257). London: Sage.
16.
Calás, M.B., & Smircich, L. (1999). Past post-modernism? Reflections and tentative directions. Academy of Management Review, 24, 649-671.
17.
Callister, R.R., Gray, B., Gibson, D., Schweitzer, M., & Tan, J.S. (2008). Organizational contexts and outcomes of anger expression in the workplace. Manuscript submitted for publication.
18.
Chiaburu, D.S. (2006). Managing organizational change in transition economies . Journal of Organizational Change Management, 19, 738-746.
19.
Chiaburu, D.S., & Chicus, O.M. (2000). The long way from personality to performance. In M. H. Abdelsamad & E. R. Myers (Eds.), Managing in a world of change: Learning at warp speed (pp. 76-84). Society for Advancement of Management.
20.
Chiaburu, D.S., & Harrison, D.A. (2008). Do coworkers make the place? Conceptual synthesis and meta-analysis of lateral social influences in organizations . Manuscript submitted for publication.
21.
Ciarrochi, J., Forgas, J. , & Mayer, J. (Eds.). (2001). Emotional intelligence in everyday life: A scientific inquiry. Philadelphia: Psychology Press/Taylor & Francis.
22.
Citrin, L.B., Roberts, T.-A., & Fredrickson, B.L. (2004). Objectification theory and emotions. In L. Z. Tiedens & C. W. Leach (Eds.), The social life of emotions (pp. 203-223). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
23.
Collin, A. (1989). Managers' competence: Rhetoric, reality and research . Personnel Review, 18, 20-25.
24.
Collison, D., & Hearn, J. (1994). Naming men as men: Implications for work, organization and management. Gender, Work and Organization, 1, 2-22.
25.
Cunliffe, A.L. (2003). Reflexive inquiry in organizational research: Questions and possibilities, Human Relations, 56, 983-1003.
26.
Davies, M., Stankov, L., & Roberts, R.D. (1998). Emotional intelligence: In search of an elusive construct. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 989-1015.
27.
Deetz, S. (1992). Disciplinary power in the modern corporation. In M. Alvesson & H. Willmott (Eds.), Critical management studies (pp. 21-45). London: Sage.
28.
Derrida, J. (1992). The other heading. Bloomington : Indiana University Press.
29.
Dickens, L. (1998). What the rise of HRM means for gender equality . Human Resource Management Journal, 8, 1-18.
30.
Dooley, S. (1987, September). Bitches in business. Bazaar, 308-424.
31.
Ely, R.J. (2003). Leadership: Overview. In R. J. Ely, E. G. Foldy, & M. A. Scully (Eds.), Reader in gender, work and organization (pp. 153-158). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
32.
Fineman, S. (2000). Commodifying the emotionally intelligent. In S. Fineman (Ed.), Emotion in organizations (2nd ed., pp. 110-114). London: Sage.
33.
Fineman, S. (2004). Getting the measure of emotion-And the cautionary tale of emotional intelligence. Human Relations, 57, 719-740.
34.
Fisher, R., & Ury, W. (1981). Getting to yes. New York: Penguin.
35.
Fiske, S.T., Cuddy, A.J.C., & Glick, P. (2007). Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth and competence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 77-83.
36.
Foldy, E.G. (2006). Dueling schemata: Dialectical sensemaking about gender. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 42, 350-372.
37.
Foucault, M. (1988). Technologies of the self. In L. H. Martin, H. Gutman , & P. H. Hutton (Eds.), Technologies of the self (pp. 16-49). Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
38.
Foucault, M. (1991). Questions of method. In G. Burchell, C. Gordon, & P. Miller (Eds.), The Foucault effect: Studies in governmentality (pp. 73-86). Chicago: Chicago University Press.
39.
Frijda, N. (1986). The emotions. New York: Cambridge University Press.
40.
Gardner, H.A. (1983). Frames of mind. New York: Basic Books.
41.
Garnsey, E., & Rees, B. (1996). Discourse and enactment: Gender inequality in text and context. Human Relations, 49, 1041-1064.
42.
Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
43.
Glaser, B., & Strauss, Y.A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. New York: Aldine.
44.
Glomb, T.M., & Hulin, C.L. (1997). Anger and gender effects in observed supervisor subordinate dyadic interactions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 72, 281-307.
45.
Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R., & McKee, A. (2002). Primal leadership: Realizing the power of emotional intelligence. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Publishing.
46.
Gray, B. (1989). Collaborating: Finding common ground for multi-party problems. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass .
47.
Gray, B. (1994). The gender-based foundations of negotiation theory . In R. Lewicki, B. Sheppard, & R. Bies (Eds.), Research on negotiation in organizations (Vol. 4, pp. 59-92). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
48.
Gross, J.J. (1998). Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 224-237.
49.
Gross, J.J., & John, O.P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 348-362.
50.
Habermas, J. (1992). Postmetaphysical thinking. Cambridge, UK: Polity.
51.
Harrison, D.A., & Klein, K.J. (2007). What's the difference? Diversity constructs as separation, variety, or disparity in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 32, 1199-1228.
52.
Hearn, J. (1993). Emotive subjects: Organizational men, organizational masculinities, and the (de)construction of "emotions." In S. Fineman (Ed.), Emotions in organizations (pp. 143-176). London: Sage.
53.
Hochschild, A.R. (1983). The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press.
54.
Jost, J.T., & Banaji, M.R. (1994). The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 1-27.
55.
Kaufman, M. (1987). The construction of masculinity and the triad of men's violence. In M. Kaufman (Ed.), Beyond patriarchy: Essay by men on pleasure, power and change (pp. 1-29). New York: Oxford University Press.
56.
Kilduff, M. (1993). Deconstructing Organizations. Academy of Management Review, 18, 13-31.
57.
Kilduff, M., & Kelemen, M. (2004). Deconstructing discourse. In C. Oswick, C. Hardy, L. Putnam, & N. Phillips (Eds.), Handbook of organizational discourse (pp. 259-272). London: Sage.
58.
Kilduff, M., & Mehra, A. (1997). Postmodernism and organizational research. Academy of Management Review, 22, 453-481.
59.
Kilduff, M., & Chiaburu, D.S. (2007, August). Strategic use of emotions al intelligence in organizational settings: Exploring the dark side . Paper presented at the 66th annual conference of the Academy of Management Meeting, Philadelphia.
60.
Knights, D. (1992). Changing spaces: The disruptive impact of a new epistemological location for the study of management. Academy of Management Review, 17, 514-536.
61.
Lutz, C.A. (1996). Engendered emotions: Gender, power and the rhetoric of emotional control in American discourse. In R. Harré & W. G. Parrott (Eds.), The emotions: Social, cultural, and biological dimensions (pp. 159-170). London: Sage.
62.
Lyotard, J.-F. (1984). The postmodern condition: A report on knowledge . Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
63.
Lyotard, J.-F. (1993). Libidinal economy (I. H. Grant, Trans.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. (Original work published 1974)
64.
Martin, J. (1990). Deconstructing organizational taboos: The suppression of gender conflict in organizations. Organization Science , 1, 339-359.
65.
Martin, J., Knopoff, K., & Beckman, C. (1998). An alternative to bureaucratic impersonality and emotional labor: Bounded emotionality at the Body Shop. Administrative Science Quarterly, 43, 429-469.
66.
Martin, R. (1988). Truth, power, self: An interview with Michel Foucault . October 25, 1982. In L. H. Martin, H. Gutman, & P. H. Hutton (Eds.), Technologies of the self (pp. 9-15). Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
67.
Mayer, J.D., DiPaolo, M.T., & Salovey, P. (1990). Perceiving affective content in ambiguous visual stimuli: A component of emotional intelligence. Journal of Personality Assessment, 54, 772-781.
68.
Mayer, J.D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. (2002). Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT), Version 2.0. Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
69.
McClelland, D.C. (1973). Testing for competence rather than for "intelligence ." American Psychologist, 28, 1-14.
70.
McIntosh, P. (1988). White privilege and male privilege: A personal account of coming to see correspondences through work in women's studies (Working Paper No. 189). Wellesley, MA : Center for Research on Women, Wellesley College.
71.
Mumby, D.K., & Putnam, L.L. (1992). The politics of emotion: A feminist reading of bounded rationality. Academy of Management Review, 17, 465-486.
72.
Putnam, M., & Mumby, D. (1993). Organizations, emotion and the myth of rationality . In S. Fineman (Ed.), Emotion in organizations (pp. 12-34). London: Sage.
73.
Robinson, S.L., & Bennett, R.J. (1997). Workplace deviance: Its definition, its manifestations and its causes. In R. Lewicki, R. Bies, & B. Sheppard (Eds.), Research on negotiation in organizations (pp. 3-27). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
74.
Rubin, L.B. (1983). Intimate strangers. New York : Harper & Row.
75.
Rudman, L.A., & Glick, P. (2001). Prescriptive gender stereotypes and backlash toward agentic women. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 743-762.
76.
Sala, F. (2002). Emotional Competence Inventory (ECI) technical manual. Philadelphia: Hay Group, McClelland Center for Research and Innovation.
77.
Schiebinger, L. (1999). Has feminism changed science?Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
78.
Shippmann, J.S., Ash, R.A., Battista, M., Hesketh, B., Kehoe, J., Pearlman, K., et al. (2000). The practice of competency modeling. Personnel Psychology, 53, 703-740.
79.
Simpson, R. (1997). Have times changed? Career barriers and the token woman manager. British Journal of Management, 8, 121-130.
80.
Spencer, L.M., & Spencer, S.M. (1993). Competence at work: Models for superior performance . New York: John Wiley.
Sutton, R.I., & Rafaeli, A. (1988). Untangling the relationships between displayed emotions and organizational sales: The case of convenience stores. Academy of Management Journal, 31, 461-487.
83.
Tafrate, R.C., Kassinove, H., & Dundin, L. (2002). Anger episodes in high and low trait anger community adults. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 1573-1590.
84.
Tiedens, L.Z. (2001). Powerful emotions: The vicious circle of social status positions and emotions. In N. M. Ashkanasy , C. E. J. Härtel, & W. Zerbe (Eds.), Emotions in the workplace: Research, theory and practice (pp. 71-81). Westport, CT: Quorum Books.
85.
Van Maanen, J. (1988). Tales of the field: On writing ethnography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
86.
Whitehead, S. (1998). Disrupted selves: Resistance and identity work in the managerial arena. Gender and Education, 10, 199-221.
