This special issue of International Studies focuses on ‘how the British-exit is impacting the European Union’. This introduction is a review of the context, costs and institutional repercussions, as well as the very recent the UK/European Union trade deal and implications for customs borders. Eight articles then detail consequences for European Union policies and important trading relationships: Immigration, Citizenship, Gender, Northern Ireland, Trade and impacts on India, Canada and Japan.
AltigD.BarreroJ. M.BloomN.DavisS.MeyerB.ParkerN. (2020). Surveying business uncertainty. Journal of Econometrics. https://nbloom.people.stanford.edu/sites/g/files/sbiybj4746/f/surveyingbusinessuncertainty.pdf
2.
ArreguiN., & ChenJ. (2018, October 25). United Kingdom (Country Report 18/317). International Monetary Fund.
3.
BarnardC. (2021). Brexit and beyond with Professor Catherine Barnard. https://soundcloud.com/user-941630307/brexit-and-beyond-podcast-with-professor-catherine-barnard(and LawPod UK. Ep 133: Is our Brexit trade deal with the EU a ‘Canada minus?’https://audioboom.com/posts/7764745-ep-133-is-our-brexit-trade-deal-with-the-eu-a-canada-minus)
4.
BayerL. (2019). Politico. The EU’s budget tribes explained. https://www.politico.eu/article/the-eus-budget-tribes-explained/
5.
BelkeA.GrosD. (2017). The economic impact of Brexit: Evidence from modelling free trade agreements (Ruhr Economic Papers, No. 700). RWI—Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung. http://dx.doi.org/10.4419/86788814
6.
BesselinkL.SwiderK.MichelB. (2019, April). General for Internal Policies of the Union (PE 621.914). University of Amsterdam. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2019/621914/IPOL_STU(2019)621914_EN.pdf
7.
BlitzJ. (2018, May 25). Is UK custom chief right that ‘max fac’ will cost 20 billion pounds per year?Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/2f0d89f2-6011-11e8-ad91-e01af256df68
8.
Brunet-JaillyE. (2018). Regional policy. In Brunet-JaillyE.HurrelmannA.VerdunA. (Eds.), European Union governance and policy making (pp. 255–275). University of Toronto Press.
9.
Brunet-JaillyE. (2020). The ‘Real’ costs of Brexit. In WassenbergB.SuzukiN. (Eds.), Origins and consequences of European crisis: Global views on Brexit (pp. 143–160). Peter Lang.
10.
Brunet-JaillyE.HallgrimsdottirH. K. (2020 August 6). ECSA-C news and commentary. ‘Covid-19 & the MFF 2021-27: Accountability and transparency for all Europeans’. https://www.ecsa-c.ca/post/the-future-of-the-european-union-in-2020
11.
ChurchillW. (1946, September 19). We must build a kind of United States of Europe. University of Zurich.
12.
ConfessoreN. (2018). Cambridge analytical and Facebook: The scandal and the fallout so far. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/04/us/politics/cambridge-analytica-scandal-fallout.html
13.
DhingraS.OttavianoG.SampsonT.Van ReenenJ. (2016). The impact of Brexit on foreign investment in the UK (Paper Brexit 03). Center for Economic Performance. https://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/brexit06.pdf
14.
EnderleinH. (2016, June 30). What should happen? What is likely to happen? Notes on Brexit (Policy Paper). Jacques Delors Institute.
15.
European Commission. (2018). EU budget: Commission proposes a modern budget for a Union that protects, empowers, and defends. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_18_3570
16.
European Commission. (2020). Daily News 17/12/2020 EU budget: European commission welcomes the adoption of the EU’s long term budget for 2021-2027. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/mex_20_2480(accessed January 2020).
17.
European Council – Council of the European Union. (2020). Long-term EU budget 2021–2027 and recovery package. A budget powering the recovery from Covid-19. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/the-eu-budget/long-term-eu-budget-2021-2027/
18.
European Parliament. (2019a) The impact of the UK’s withdrawal on the institutional set-up and political dynamic within the EU. Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/2d1bb82c-bd77-11e9-9d01-01aa75ed71a1
19.
European Parliament. (2019b). The history of the EU budget (PE 636.475, May 2019). Budgetary Affairs. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2019/636475/IPOL_IDA(2019)636475_EN.pdf
20.
European Union Referendum Act 2015. (2015 Chapter 36). An act to make provision for the holding of a referendum in the United Kingdom and Gibraltar on whether the United Kingdom should remain a member of the European Union. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2015/36/introduction
21.
FerrerJ. N.RinaldiD. (2016, September 7). The impact of Brexit on the EU Budget: A non-catastrophic event (CEPS Policy Brief No. 347). https://www.ceps.eu/ceps-publications/impact-brexit-eu-budget-non-catastrophic-event/
22.
House of Lords. (2018). Brexit: The customs challenge (Ordered to be printed 11 September 2018 and published 20 September 2018). https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201719/ldselect/ldeucom/187/187.pdf.
23.
HubnerK.JacobsenH. (2020, August). Frugal four and the fiscal policy regime of the EU. From austerity to mutual spending?ESCA-C Policy Memo. https://www.eucanet.org/images/ECSA-C_PolicyMemos_HubsenJacobsen.pdf
24.
HumphreysJ. (2019, March 19). Take back control: Why the Brexit slogan resonates across Europe. The Irish Time. https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/take-back-control-why-the-brexit-slogan-resonates-across-europe-1.3824393
25.
Lisbon Treaty. (2020). EU treaties. https://europa.eu/european-union/law/treaties_en
26.
NabarroB.SchulzC. (2019). UK economic outlook in four Brexit scenarios. Institute for Fiscal Studies.
27.
NAO, National Audit Office, HM Revenue & Customs. (2017, July 13). The customs declaration service. https://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/The-Customs-Declaration-Service.pdf
28.
NelsonE.EwingJ. (2020, November 27). Brexit is nipping at London’s role as a financial powerhouse. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/27/business/brexit-london-financial-center.html
29.
MalcolmN. (2019, January 25). Brexit is about sovereignty and parliament must respect that, What many voters objected to was a supranational government making some of their laws. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/e0b30912-1fff-11e9-a46f-08f9738d6b2b
30.
MinfordP. (2016). Understanding UK trade agreements with the EU and other countries (Cardiff Economics Working Paper No. E2016/1). http://patrickminford.net/wp/E2016_1.pdf
31.
MinfordP.GuptaS.LeV. P. M.MahambareV.XuY. (2016). Should Britain leave the EU? An economic analysis of a troubled relationship. Edward Elgar Pub.
32.
MonbiotG. (2019, February 13). Dark money is pushing for a no-deal Brexit. Who is behind it?The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/feb/13/dark-money-hard-brexit-targeted-ads-facebook
33.
MuellerB. (2020, December 22). France and Britain strike deal to reopen border for freight and some travel. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/22/world/europe/uk-france-covid-19-border.html
34.
Munk Debates. (2021, January 5). Ian Goldin (Oxford) and Patrick Minford (Cardiff) debate. Be it resolved: Britain will boom beyond Brexit. https://munkdebates.com/podcast/beyond-brexit
35.
OwenJ.ShepheardM.StojanovicA. (2017). Implementing Brexit: Customs, Institute for Government, IFG Analysis. https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/IfG_Brexit_customs_WEB_0.pdf
36.
PatomäkiH. (2017). Will the EU disintegrate? What does the likely possibility of disintegration tell about the future of the world?Globalizations, 14(1), 168–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2016.1228786
37.
PollittM. (2017). The economic consequences of Brexit: Energy. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 33(S1), S134–S143.
38.
ProttsJ. (2016). Potential post-Brexit tariff costs for EU-UK trade. Civitas.
39.
SchimmelfennigF. (2018). Brexit: Differentiated disintegration in the European Union. Journal of European Public Policy, 25(8), 1154–1173. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2018.1467954
40.
StewartH. (2020, December 24). Boris Johnson says Brexit deal has settled UK’s Europe question, PM hails ‘jumbo, Canada-style’ agreement and says Britain has taken back control of destiny’. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/dec/24/boris-johnson-says-brexit-deal-has-settled-uk-europe-question
41.
TCA. (2020). Trade and cooperation agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, on the other part. Assets Publishing Service Government of the United Kingdom. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/948119/EU-UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement_24.12.2020.pdf
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TEU. (2008). Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the European Union—Title III: Provision on the institutions—Article 14. Official Journal, 115, 22–23. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:12008M014:EN:HTML
43.
UK Parliament. (2019). House of commons library (Research Briefing). The UK contribution to the EU budget. Complete report. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-7886/#fullreport.
