Social determinants of health (SDH) describe how a person’s education, economic status, and overall environment affect their health outcomes. In the United States, a long history of resource inequities has existed, particularly for those from ethnic minority backgrounds. The following is a literature review of SDH from a historical context, current state, and through the lens of the COVID-19 pandemic.
BulataoR.A.AndersonN.B. (eds) (2004) ‘National Research Council (US) Panel on Race, Ethnicity, and Health in Later Life; Understanding Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health in Late Life: A Research Agenda.’ Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US), 10, Health Care. Available online at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK24693/ (accessed 15 May 2020).
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CampbellA.M. (2020) ‘An Increasing Risk of Family Violence during the Covid-19 Pandemic’, Forensic Science International: Reports, December; 2: 100089. Available online at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152912/ (accessed 15 May 2020).
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2019b) ‘United States Life Tables, 2017’, National Vital Statistics Reports68(7). Available online at: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_07-508.pdf (accessed 5 June 2020).
GibbonsM. (2005) ‘A Historical Overview of Health Disparities and the Potential of eHealth Solutions’, Journal of Medical Internet Research7(5): e50. Available online at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1550690/ (accessed 6 June 2020).
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HamelL.PennerL.A.AlbrechtT.L.HeathE.GwedeC.K.EgglyE. (2016) ‘Barriers to Clinical Trial Enrollment in Racial and Ethnic Minority Patients with Cancer’, Cancer Control23(4): 327–337. Available online at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5131730/ (accessed 2 June 2020).
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HowellE. (2018) ‘Reducing Disparities in Severe Maternal Morbidity and Mortality’, Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology61(2): 387–99. Available online at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5915910/ (accessed 5 June 2020).
Oyez (1990) ‘Board of Education of Oklahoma City Public Schools V. Dowell’. Available online at: https://www.oyez.org/cases/1990/89-1080 (accessed 5 June 2020).
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SapolskyR. (2005) ‘Sick of Poverty’, Scientific American293: 92–99.