Gender-based violence and HIV have a particular impact on women in sub-Saharan Africa. Drawing on qualitative research with women in Ethiopia, this article explores the intersection between these two issues. It examines HIV transmission in the context of both intimate partner violence and wider gender-based violence, focusing on infidelity, multiple sexual partners, rape and sex work. We argue that the participants viewed HIV transmission as a form of gender-based violence in its own right. Women often could not afford to protect themselves from either gender-based violence or HIV because of gender inequality and poverty.
AbeyaS.G.AfeworkF. M.YalewA.W. (2012) ‘Intimate Partner Violence against Women in West Ethiopia: A Qualitative Study on Attitudes, Women’s Response, and Suggested Measures as Perceived by Community Members’, Reproductive Health9(14): 1–11.
2.
AdamsJ.L.HansenN.B.FoxA.M.B.BaishakhiT.B.Jansen van ResnburgM.MohlahlaneR.SikkemaK.J. (2011) ‘Correlates of HIV Testing among Abused Women in South Africa’, Violence against Women17(8): 1014–23.
3.
AgaF.KylmaJ.NikkonenM. (2009) ‘The Conceptions of Care among Family Caregivers of Persons Living with HIV/AIDS in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia’, Journal of Transcultural Nursing20(1): 37–70.
4.
AllenM. (2012) Narative therapy for women experiencing domestic violence: Supporting women’s transitions from abuse to safety. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
5.
Allen (2013) Social work and intimate partner violence. London: Routledge.
6.
AllenM.Ni RaghallaighM. (2013) ‘Domestic Violence in a Developing Context: The Perspectives of Women in Northern Ethiopia’, Afflia: Journal of Women and Social Work28(3): 256–72.
7.
AnderssonN.CockcroftA.SheaB. (2008) ‘Gender-Based Violence and HIV: Relevance for HIV Prevention in Hyperendemic Countries of Southern Africa’, AIDS22(4): S73–86.
8.
BlackM.C. (2011) ‘Intimate Partner Violence and Adverse Health Consequences’, American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine5(5): 428–39.
9.
Central Statistical Agency Ethiopia and ORC Macro (2012) ‘Ethiopia: Demographic and Health Survey 2011. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Maryland, USA. Available online at: http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR255/FR255.pdf
10.
DudeA. (2009) ‘Spousal Intimate Partner Violence is Associated with HIV and Other STIs among Married Rwandan Women’, AIDS and Behavior15: 142–52.
11.
DunkleK.L.JewkesR.K.BrownH.C.GrayG.E.McIntryreJ.A.HarlowS.D. (2004) ‘Gender-Based Violence, Relationship Power, and Risk of HIV Infection in Women Attending Antenatal Clinics in South Africa’, The Lancet363(9419): 1415–21.
12.
FeyissaG.T.LakewA.GirmaE.WoldieM. (2012) ‘Stigma and Discrimination against People Living with HIV by Healthcare Providers, Southwest Ethiopia’, BMC Public Health12: 522.
13.
FoxA.M.JacksonS.S.HansenN.B.GasaN.CreweM.SikkemaK.J. (2007) ‘In Their Own Voices: A Qualitative Study of Women’s Risk for Intimate Partner Violence and HIV in South Africa’, Violence against Women13(6): 583–602.
14.
Garcia-MorenoC.WattsC. (2000) ‘Violence against Women: Its Importance for HIV/AIDS’, AIDS13(3): 253–65.
15.
Garcia-MorenoC.JansenH.EllsbergM.HeiseL.WattsC.H. (2006) ‘Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence: Findings from the WHO Multi-Country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence’, The Lancet368: 1260–9.
16.
GessessewA.MesfinM. (2004) ‘Rape and Related Health Problems in Adigrat Zonal Hospital, Tigray Region, Ethiopia’, The Ethiopian Journal of Health Development18(3): 140–4.
17.
GoV.F.Johnson SethulakshmiC.BentleyM.E.SivaramS.SrikrishnanA.K.SolomonS.CelentanoD.D. (2003) ‘When HIV-Prevention Messages and Gender Norms Clash: The Impact of Domestic Violence on Women’s HIV Risk in Slums of Chennai, India’, AIDS and Behavior7(3): 263–72.
18.
GondolfE.FisherE. (1988) Battered Women as Survivors: An Alternative to Treating Learned Helplessness. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
GuptaG. (2002) ‘How Men’s Power over Women Fuels the HIV Epidemic’, British Medical Journal324(7331): 183–5.
21.
HunterM. (2007) ‘The Changing Political Economy of Sex in South Africa: The Significance of Unemployment and Inequalities to the Scale of the AIDS Pandemic’, Social Science Medicine64(3): 689–700.
JewkesR.K.DunkleK.NdunaM.ShaN. (2010) ‘Intimate Partner Violence, Relationship Power Inequity, and Incidence of HIV Infection in Young Women in South Africa: A Cohort Study’, The Lancet376(9734): 41–8.
24.
JosephsL.AbelE.M. (2009) ‘Investigating the Relationship Between Intimate Partner Violence and HIV Risk-Propensity in Black/African-American Women’, Journal of Family Violence24: 221–9.
25.
KishorS. (2012) ‘Married Women’s Risk of STIs in Developing Countries: The Role of Intimate Partner Violence and Partner’s Infection Status’, Violence against Women18(7): 829–53.
26.
LalorK. (2000) ‘The Victimization of Juvenile Prostitutes in Ethiopia’, International Social Work43(2): 227–42.
27.
MagadiM. (2013) ‘The Disproportionately High Risk of HIV Infection among the Urban Poor in Sub Saharan Africa’, AIDS and Behavior17: 1645–54.
28.
MalajuM.T.AleneG.D. (2013) ‘Women’s Expectation of Partner’s Violence on HIV Disclosure for Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV in North West Ethiopia’, BMC Research Notes6: 96.
29.
MisganawA.C.WorkuY.A. (2013) ‘Assessment of Sexual Violence among Street Females in Bahir-Dar Town, North West Ethiopia: A Mixed Method Study’, BMC Public Health13: 825.
30.
Mkandawire-ValhmuL.StevensP.E.KakoP.M.DresselA. (2013) ‘Safety Planning in Focus Groups of Malawian Women Living with HIV: Helping Each Other Deal with Violence and Abuse’, Violence against Women19(11): 1331–49.
31.
RobsonC. (2002) Real World Research: A Resource for Social Scientists and Practitioner-Researchers, 2nd edn. London: Blackwell Publishing.
32.
SolomonS.SubbaramanR.SolomonS.R.SrikrishnanA.K.JohnsonS.C.VasudevanC.K.AnandS.GaneshA.K.CelentanoD.D. (2009) ‘Domestic and Forced Sex among the Urban Poor in South India: Implications for HIV Prevention’, Violence against Women15(7): 753–73.
33.
StarkE. (2007) Coercive control: How men entrap women in personal life. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
34.
TangenbergK. (2000) ‘Marginalized epistemologies: A feminist approach to understanding the experiences of mothers with HIV’, Affilia15(1): 31–48.
WingoodG.M.DiClementeR.J. (1997) ‘The Effects of an Abusive Primary Partner on the Condom Use and Sexual Negotiation Practices of African-American Women’, American Journal of Public Health87(6): 1016–8.
37.
YematawW.WorkieZ.TafesseB.ReschkeK.SchroderH. (2011) ‘The Psychosocial Consequences of Child Sexual Abuse in Ethiopia: A Case–Control Comparative Analysis’, Journal of Interpersonal Violence26(10): 2025–41.
38.
ZablotskaI.B.GrayR.H.KoenigM.A.SerwaddaD.NalugodaF.KigoziG.SewankamboN.LutaloT.MangenF.W.WawerM. (2009) ‘Alcohol Use, Intimate Partner Violence, Sexual Coercion and HIV among Women Aged 15–24 in Rakai, Uganda’, AIDS and Behavior13(2): 225–33.
