Despite conventional wisdom that slavery has been eradicated, this analysis of the human trafficking literature reveals that this form of violent coercion and economic exploitation persists. However, there is little agreement upon definitions, estimates and responses to this problem. Differing academic and policy definitions and estimates of slavery are reviewed, in which most emphasis is placed upon sexual trafficking, while other forms such as chattel slavery, debt bondage and contract slavery are often under-recognized. There are a range of policy options for ameliorating this problem, which include social services, community-based interventions, harm reduction strategies and legal and economic responses.
Anderson, B. ( 2004) ‘Migrant Domestic Workers and Slavery’, in C. van der Anker (ed.) The Political Economy of the New Slavery, pp. 107-17. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
2.
Baines, D., ed. (2006) Doing Anti-oppressive Practice: Building Transformative Politicized Social Work . Halifax: Fernwood Publishing.
3.
Bales, K. ( 2007) Ending Slavery: How We Free Today’s Slaves. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
4.
Beah, I. ( 2007) A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
5.
Black, M. ( 2002) Child Domestic Workers: Finding a Voice. London: Anti-Slavery International.
6.
Blagbrough, J. and E. Glynn ( 1999) ‘Child Domestic Workers: Characteristics of the Modern Slave and Approaches to Ending Such Exploitation’, Childhood6(1): 51-6.
7.
Cadet, J. ( 1998) Restavec: From Haitian Slave Child to Middle Class American . Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
8.
Charle, S. ( 2003) ‘Children of the Looms: Rescuing the "Carpet Kids" of Nepal, India, and Pakistan’, Children, Youth, and Environments13(2): 21-5.
9.
Crawford, M. and M. Kaufman ( 2008) ‘Sex Trafficking in Nepal’, Violence Against Women14(8): 905-16.
10.
Cree, V. ( 2008) ‘Confronting Sex Trafficking: Lessons from History’ , International Social Work51(6): 763-76.
11.
DeStefano, A. ( 2007) The War on Human Trafficking: US Policy Assessed. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
12.
Desyllas, M. ( 2007) ‘A Critique of the Human Trafficking Discourse and US Policy’, Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare34(4): 57-79.
13.
Dowling, E. ( 2004) ‘Strategies for Change: The Tobin Tax’, in C. van der Anker (ed.) The Political Economy of New Slavery, pp. 201-16. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
14.
Government Accountability Office (GAO) (2006 ) Human Trafficking: Better Data, Strategy, and Reporting Needed to Enhance US Anti-trafficking Efforts Abroad. Washington, DC: GAO.
15.
Gozdziak, E. and E. Collett ( 2005) ‘Research on Human Trafficking in North America: A Review of the Literature’, International Migration43: 99-128.
16.
Guinn, D. ( 2008) ‘Defining the Problem of Trafficking: The Interplay of US Law, Donor, and NGO Engagement and the Local Context in Latin America’ , Human Rights Quarterly30: 119-45.
17.
Guinn, D. and E. Steglich ( 2003) In Modern Bondage: Sex Trafficking in the Americas. New York: Transnational Publishers.
18.
Hochschild, A. ( 2005) Bury the Chains: Prophets and Rebels in the Fight to Free an Empire’s Slaves. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
19.
Hodge, D. ( 2008) ‘Sexual Trafficking in the United States: A Domestic Problem with Transnational Dimensions’, Social Work53(2): 143-52.
20.
Hodge, D. and C. Lietz ( 2007) ‘The International Sexual Trafficking of Women and Children: A Review of the Literature’, Affilia: Journal of Women and Social Work22(2): 163-74.
21.
Human Rights Center (HRC) (2005) Freedom Denied: Forced Labor in California. Berkeley, CA : University of California.
22.
Human Rights Watch (HRW) (1996) The Small Hands of Slavery. New York: Human Rights Watch.
23.
International Labor Organization (ILO) (2005 ) A Global Alliance Against Forced Labour. Geneva: ILO.
24.
International Labor Organization (ILO) (2009 ) Training Manual to Fight Trafficking in Children for Labour, Sexual, and Other Forms of Exploitation: Textbook 2 - Advocacy Against Child Trafficking at Policy and Outreach Levels. Geneva: ILO.
25.
International Organization for Migration (IOM) ( 2005) Data and Research on Human Trafficking: A Global Survey . Geneva: IOM.
26.
Jones, L., D. Engstrom, T. Hilliard and M. Diaz ( 2007) ‘Globalization and Human Trafficking’, Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare34(2): 107-22.
27.
Kelly, L. ( 2005) ‘You Can Find Anything You Want: A Critical Reflection of Research on Trafficking in Persons within and into Europe’, International Migration43: 235-65.
28.
Kyle, D. and R. Koslowski , eds (2001) Global Human Smuggling: Comparative Perspectives. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
29.
Laczko, F. and M. Gramegna ( 2003) ‘Developing Better Indicators of Human Trafficking’ , Brown Journal of World Affairs10(1): 179-94.
30.
Lyons, K. ( 2006) ‘Globalization and Social Work: International and Local Implications’, British Journal of Social Work36: 365-80.
31.
Manokha, I. ( 2004) ‘Modern Slavery and Fair Trade Products: Buy One and Set Someone Free’, in C. van der Anker (ed.) The Political Economy of New Slavery, pp. 217-34. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
32.
Midgley, J. ( 2000) ‘The Social Development Perspective in Social Policy’ , in J. Midgley, M. Tracy and M. Livemore (eds) Handbook of Social Policy, pp. 435-46. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
33.
Miers, S. ( 2003) Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
34.
Okafor, E. ( 2009) ‘The Use of Adolescents as Domestic Servants in Ibadan, Nigeria’, Journal of Adolescent Research24(2): 169-93.
35.
Patterson, O. ( 1982). Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
36.
Payne, M. ( 2006) ‘The Half-fought Battle: A Call for Comprehensive State Anti-human Trafficking Legislation and a Discussion of How States Should Construct Such Legislation’, Kansas Journal of Law and Public Policy16: 48-66.
37.
Pflug, B. ( 2002) An Overview of Child Domestic Workers in Asia. Geneva: ILO.
38.
Quirk, J. ( 2008) Unfinished Business: A Comparative Study of Historical and Contemporary Slavery. Paris: UNESCO.
39.
Ray, N. ( 2007) ‘Whither Childhood? Child Trafficking in India’ , Social Development Issues29: 72-83.
40.
Reichert, E. ( 2003). Social Work and Human Rights: A Foundation for Policy and Practice. New York: Columbia University Press.
41.
Roby, J. ( 2005) ‘Women and Children in the Global Sex Trade: Toward More Effective Policy’, International Social Work48(2): 136-47.
42.
Savona, E. and S. Stefanizzi ( 2007) Measuring Human Trafficking: Complexities and Pitfalls . New York: Springer.
43.
Shigekane, R. ( 2007) ‘Rehabilitation and Community Integration of Trafficking Survivors in the United States’, Human Rights Quarterly29: 112-36.
44.
Skinner, E. ( 2008) A Crime So Monstrous: Face to Face with Modern Day Slavery . New York: Free Press.
45.
Tsutsumi, A., T. Izutsu, A. Poudyal, S. Kato and E. Marui ( 2008) ‘Mental Health of Female Survivors of Human Trafficking in Nepal’, Social Science and Medicine66: 1841-7.
46.
United States Department of State (USDOS) ( 2008) Trafficking in Persons. Washington, DC: USDOS.
47.
Upadhyana, K. ( 2004) ‘Bonded Labour in South Asia: India, Nepal, and Pakistan’, in C. van der Anker (ed.) The Political Economy of New Slavery, pp. 118-36. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
48.
Van der Anker, C., ed. (2004) The Political Economy of New Slavery. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
49.
Van Hook, M., E. Gjermeri and E. Haxhiymeri ( 2006) ‘Sexual Trafficking of Women: Tragic Proportions and Attempted Solutions in Albania’, International Social Work49(1): 29-40.
50.
Weitzer, R. ( 2007) ‘The Social Construction of Sex Trafficking: Ideology and Institutionalization of a Moral Crusade’, Politics and Society35(3): 447-75.
51.
Yen, I. ( 2008) ‘Of Vice and Men: A New Approach to Eradicating Sex Trafficking by Reducing Male Demand through Education Programs and Abolitionist Legislation’, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (98)2: 653-86.
