This article critically analyses empowerment projects in a local community in southern India and explores the shortcomings of development projects aimed at changing living conditions of marginalized people. It is argued that international social work should move beyond established empowerment theories and practices and include combating structural barriers in an emancipatory manner.
Afshar, H., ed. (1998) Women and Empowerment: Illustrations from the Third World. Basingstoke : Macmillan.
2.
Askheim, O.P. ( 2003) ‘Empowerment as Guidance for Professional Social Work: An Act of Balancing on a Slack Rope’, European Journal of Social Work6(3): 229-40.
3.
Askheim, O.P. and B. Starrin , eds (2007) Empowerment i teori och praktik (Empowerment in Theory and Practice). Malmö: Gleerup.
4.
Beck, U. ( 1999) What is Globalization?Cambridge: Polity Press.
5.
Crush, J. ( 1995) Power of Development. London: Routledge.
6.
Darby, P. and A.J. Paolini ( 1994) ‘Bridging International Relations and Postcolonialism’ , Alternative19: 371-97.
7.
Dominelli, L. ( 1999) ‘Neo-liberalism, Social Exclusion and Welfare Clients in a Global Economy’, International Journal of Social Welfare8(1): 14-22.
8.
Dominelli, L. ( 2002) Anti-oppressive Social Work Theory and Practice. New York: Palgrave Mcmillan.
Escobar, A. ( 1995) Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
11.
Escobar, A. ( 2000) ‘Place, Power and Networks in Globalization and Post-development’, in K. Wilkins (ed.) Redeveloping Communication for Social Change: Theory, Practice, and Power , pp. 163-72. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
12.
Freire, P. ( 1972) Pedagogik för förtryckta (Pedagogy for the Oppressed) . Stockholm: Gummessons.
13.
Gardner, K. and D. Lewis ( 1996) Anthropology, Development and the Postmodern Challenge . London: Pluto Press.
14.
Giddens, A. ( 1990) The Consequences of Modernity. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
15.
Harding, S. ( 1998) Is Science Multicultural? Postcolonialism, Feminism, and Epistemologies. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
16.
Inglis, T. ( 1997) ‘Empowerment and Emancipation’, Adult Education Quarterly48(1): 3-17.
17.
Jordan, B. ( 2004) ‘Emancipatory Social Work? Opportunity or Oxymoron’ , British Journal of Social Work34(1): 5-19.
18.
Kamali, M. ( 2006) Multiple Modernities: Civil Society and Islam: The Case of Iran and Turkey. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
19.
Kamali, M. ( 2008) Racial Discrimination: Institutional Patterns and Politics . New York: Routledge.
20.
Leung, L. ( 2005) ‘Empowering Women in Social Work Practice: A Hong Kong Case’, International Social Work48(4): 429-39.
21.
McEwan, C. ( 2001) ‘Postcolonialism, Feminism and Development: Intersections and Dilemmas’, Progress in Development Studies1(2): 93-111.
22.
McMichael, P. ( 2008) Development and Social Change: A Global Perspective. London: Sage.
23.
Marulasiddaiah, H.M. ( 2000) The Elephant in the Mirror, Karnataka chapter. Bangalore: Indian Academy of Social Sciences.
24.
Melkote, R.S. and H.L. Steeves ( 2001) Communication for Development in the Third World. London: Sage.
25.
Mishra, R. ( 1999) Globalization and the Welfare State. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.
26.
Mohanty, C.T. ( 2003) Feminism without Borders: Decolonizing Theory, Practicing Solidarity. London and Durham, NC : Duke University Press.
27.
Mohanty, M. ( 2001) ‘On the Concept of Empowerment’, in D.K. SinghaRoy (ed.) Social Development and the Empowerment of Marginalised Groups: Perspectives and Strategies, pp. 22-31. New Delhi: Sage.
28.
O’Sullivan, D. ( 1993) Commitment, Educative Action and Adults. Aldershot: Avebury.
29.
Pathy, J. ( 2001) ‘Towards an Alternative Paradigm of Development’ , in D.K. SinghaRoy (ed.) Social Development and the Empowerment of Marginalised Groups: Perspectives and Strategies, pp. 51-66. New Delhi: Sage.
30.
Payne, M. ( 2005) Modern Social Work Theory. New York : Palgrave Macmillan.
31.
Pearce, J. ( 2000) ‘Development, NGOs, and Civil Society: The Debate and Its Future’, in D. Eede (ed.) Development, NGOs and Civil Society: Selected Essays from Development in Practice , pp. 15-43. Oxford: Oxfam.
32.
Pease, B. and J. Fook ( 1999) Transforming Social Work Practice: Postmodern Critical Perspectives. London, New York: Routledge.
33.
Rowlands, J. ( 1998) ‘A Word of the Times, but What Does it Mean? Empowerment in the Discourse and Practice of Development’, in H. Afshar (ed.) Women and Empowerment: Illustrations from the Third World, pp. 11-34. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
34.
Said, E. ( 1978) Orientalism. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
35.
Saraswati, R. ( 2005) ‘Limited Options - Rethinking Women’s Empowerment "Projects" in Development Discourses: A Case from Rural India’, Gender Technology and Development9(2): 253-71.
36.
SinghaRoy, D.K. ( 2001) ‘Critical Issues in Grassroots Mobilisation and Collective Action’, in D.K SinghaRoy (ed.) Social Development and the Empowerment of Marginalised Groups: Perspectives and Strategies, pp. 82-110. New Delhi: Sage.
37.
Solomon, B. ( 1976) Black Empowerment: Social Work in Oppressed Communities . New York: Columbia University Press.
38.
Vanderplaat, M. ( 1998) ‘Empowerment, Emancipation and Health Promotion Policy’, Canadian Journal of Sociology23(1): 71-90.
39.
Wallerstein, I. ( 1974) The Modern World-System. New York: Academic Press.
40.
Wickramasinghe, N. ( 2005) ‘The Idea of Civil Society in the South: Imaginings , Transplants, Designs’, Science and Society69(3): 458-86.
41.
Wilkin, K.G., ed. (2000) Redeveloping Communication for Social Change: Theory, Practice and Power. Boulder, CO: Rowman and Littlefield.