Data from Turkey on prevalence of personality disorders (PD) in the normal population are sparse.
Aims:
The present study conducted in a community sample aimed to investigate personality disorders in terms of prevalence, associated risk factors and personality dimensions.
Methods:
A stratified sampling procedure allowed us to compose a sample consisting of 774 participants residing in Aydin, Turkey. The DSM-IV and ICD-10 Personality Questionnaire (DIP-Q) and the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) were used to assess PDs and personality dimensions, respectively.
Results:
Roughly 20% of the participants received a PD diagnosis. Among the individual PD categories, schizotypal and obsessive-compulsive PDs were the most prevalent diagnoses. Participants with PD were more likely to have higher self-directedness and cooperativeness scores. These risk factors and personality dimensions were most strongly associated with the cluster B disorders.
Conclusion:
New versions of the diagnostic systems should include schizotypal, obsessive-compulsive and cluster B PDs as separate diagnostic categories, and impaired self-directedness as well as cooperativeness as a general diagnostic criterion for the sake of backward and forward compatibility of the research in this field.
APA (American Psychiatric Association). (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Washington, DC: APA.
2.
ArkarH.SoriasO.TuncaZ.ŞafakC.AlkınT.AkdedeB. B.… CimilliC. (2005). Mizaç ve Karakter Envanteri’nin Türkçe Formunun Faktör Yapısı, Geçerlik ve Güvenilirliği. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 16, 190–204.
3.
BenjetC.GuilhermeB.Medina-MoraM. E. (2008). DSM-IV personality disorders in Mexico: Results from a general population survey. Revista Brasileira Psiquiatria, 30, 227–234.
4.
BodlundO.GrannM.OttossonH.SvanborgC. (1998). Validation of the self-report questionnaire DIP-Q in diagnosing DSM-IV personality disorders: A comparison of three psychiatric samples. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 97, 433–439.
5.
BodlundO.KullgrenG.EkseliusL.LindströmE.von KnorringL. (1994). Axis V – Global Assessment of Functioning Scale: Evaluation of a self-report version. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 90, 342–347.
6.
BrislinR. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1, 185–216.
7.
CloningerC. R.SvrakicD.M. (2009). Personality disorders. In SadockB.SadockV.RuizP. (eds), Kaplan & Sadock’s comprehensive textbook of psychiatry (pp. 2197–2240), 9th edn, vol. II. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
8.
CloningerC. R.SvrakicD. M.PryzbeckT. R. (1993). A psychobiological model of temperament and character. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 975–990.
9.
CohenJ. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
10.
CoidJ.YangM.TyrerP. (2006). Prevalence and correlates of personality disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 188, 423–431.
11.
CrawfordT. N.CohenP.JohnsonJ. G.KasenS.FirstM. B.GordonK.BrookJ. S. (2005). Self-reported personality disorder in the children in the community sample: Convergent and prospective validity in late adolescence and adulthood. Journal of Personality Disorder, 19, 30–52.
12.
DoğanO.ÖnderZ.DoğanS. (2004). Distribution of symptoms of conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder in Turkey. Psychopathology, 37, 285–289.
13.
EkseliusL.LinströmE.von KnorringL.BodlundO.KullgrenG. (1994). SCID-II interviews and the SCID Screen questionnaire as diagnostic tools for personality disorders in DSM-III-R. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 90, 120–123.
14.
EkseliusL.TillforsM.FurmarkT.FredriksonM. (2001). Personality disorders in the general population: DSM-IV and ICD-10 defined prevalence as related to sociodemographic profile. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 311–320.
15.
FleissJ. L. (1981). Statistical methods for rates and proportions. New York: Wiley.
16.
GrantB. F.HasinD. S.StinsonF. S.DawsonD. A.ChouS. P.RuanW. J.PickeringR. P. (2004). Prevalence, correlates, and disability of personality disorders in the United States: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65, 948–958.
17.
JacksonH. J.BurgessP. M. (2000). Personality disorders in the community: A report from Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 35, 531–538.
18.
JohnsonJ. G.CohenP.BrownJ.SmailesE. M.BernsteinD. P. (1999). Childhood maltreatment increases risk for personality disorders during early adulthood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 600–606.
19.
KantojärviL.VeijolaJ.LäksyK.JokelainenJ.HervaA.KarvonenJ. T.… JoukamaaM. (2004). Comparison of hospital-treated personality disorders and personality disorders in a general population sample. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 58, 357–362.
20.
KöseS.SayarK.Akİ.AydınN.KalelioğluÜ.Kırpınarİ.… CloningerC. R. (2004). Mizaç ve Karakter Envanteri (Türkçe TCI): Geçerlik, güvenirliği ve faktör yapısı. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni, 14, 107–131.
21.
LenzenwegerM. F. (2008). Epidemiology of personality disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 31, 395–403.
22.
LenzenwegerM. F.LaneM. C.LorangerA. W.KesslerR. C. (2007). DSM-IV personality disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Biological Psychiatry, 62, 553–564.
23.
LewinT. J.SladeT.AndrewsG.CarrV. J.HornabrookC. W. (2005). Assessing personality disorders in a national mental health survey. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 40, 87–98.
24.
LindalE.StefanssonJ. G. (2009). The prevalence of personality disorders in the greater-Reykjavik area. Laeknabladid, 95, 179–184.
25.
LivesleyW. J.LangK. J. (2005). Differentiating normal, abnormal, and disordered personality. European Journal of Personality, 19, 257–268.
26.
LwangaS. K.LemeshowS. (1991). Sample size determination in health studies: A practical manual. Geneva: World Health Organization.
27.
McGillowayA.HallR. E.LeeT.BhuiK. S. (2010). A systematic review of personality disorder, race and ethnicity: Prevalence, aetiology and treatment. BMC Psychiatry. DOI: 10.1186/1471–244X-10–33.
28.
MoranP.CoffeyC.MannA.CarlinJ. B.PattonG. C. (2006). Dimensional characteristics of DSM-IV personality disorders in a large epidemiological sample. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 113, 233–236.
29.
NIMH (National Institute for Mental Health). (2003). Personality disorder: No longer a diagnosis of exclusion: Policy implementation guidance for the development of services for people with personality disorders. London: Department of Health.
30.
NunnalyJ. C.BernsteinI. H. (1994). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
31.
OttossonH.BodlundO.EkseliusL.GrannM.von KnorringL.KullgrenG.… SöderbergS. (1998). DSM-IV and ICD-10 personality disorders: A comparison of a self-report questionnaire (DIP-Q) with a structured interview. European Psychiatry, 13, 246–253.
32.
OttossonH.BodlundO.EkseliusL.von KnorringL.KullgrenG.LindströmE.SöderbergS. (1995). The DSM-IV and ICD-10 Personality Questionnaire (DIP-Q): Construction and preliminary validation. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 49, 285–291.
33.
OttossonH.EkseliusL.GrannM.KullgrenG. (2002). Cross-system concordance of personality disorder diagnoses of DSM-IV and diagnostic criteria for research of ICD-10. Journal of Personality Disorder, 16, 283–292.
34.
ParisJ. (2010). Estimating the prevalence of personality disorders in the community. Journal of Personality Disorder, 24, 405–411.
35.
SamuelsJ.EatonW. W.BienvenuO. J.BrownC. H.CostaP. T.NestadtG. (2002). Prevalence and correlates of personality disorders in a community sample. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 536–542.
36.
SenolS.DereboyÇ.YükselN. (1997). Borderline disorder in Turkey: A 2- to 4-year follow up. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 32, 109–112.
37.
SkodolA. E. (2012). Personality disorders in DSM-5. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 8, 317–344.
38.
SvrakicD. M.CloningerR. C. (2010). Epigenetic perspective on behavior development, personality, and personality disorders. Psychiatria Danubina, 22, 153–166.
39.
SvrakicD. M.DraganicS.HillK.BayonC.PryzbeckT. R.CloningerC. R. (2002). Temperament, character, and personality disorders: Etiologic, diagnostic, treatment issues. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 106, 189–195.
40.
SvrakicD. M.WhiteheadC.PryzbeckT. R.CloningerC. R. (1993). Differential diagnosis of personality disorders by the seven-factor model of temperament and character. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 991–999.
41.
TorgersenS.KringlenE.CramerV. (2001). The prevalence of personality disorders in a community sample. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 590–596.
42.
Türkiye Istatistik Kurumu. (2008). Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi. TUIK Haber Bülteni, sayı 9. Ankara.
43.
YangM.CoidJ.TyrerP. (2010). Personality pathology recorded by severity: National survey. British Journal of Psychiatry, 197, 193–199.
