Although external arenas’ incorporation processes into the capitalist world-system have long been studied in the fields of world-systems analysis, colonial studies, comparative historical sociology, and global and connected history, the study of incorporation in three East Asian countries has remained primarily unexamined. Based on the fact that the incorporation of three countries in China, Korea, and Japan into the capitalist world-system took place during the long 19th century, and that the three countries were inextricably linked during the incorporation process, this study examines the incorporation process of China, Korea, and Japan, respectively, and examines the geographical and geopolitical relations between the three countries. This study helps to trace the long-term capitalist development of East Asian countries and contributes to showing the holistic yet contradictory picture of the three countries’ progress in synchronizing with the capitalist world-system.
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