The use of positive-pressure nasal ventilation in combination with LTOT in stable COPD patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure controls hypoventilation and improves daytime ABGs, sleep, and quality of life. Nasal ventilation in COPD is unlikely to produce benefit unless used with supplemental oxygen therapy at night. The patients who show the greatest reduction in overnight PaCO2 with ventilation are the patients most likely to benefit from long-term ventilatory support. Although there is now evidence for short-term benefit from NPPV in hypercapnic COPD, large multicenter studies with survival, exacerbations, and hospital admissions as the primary end points are required to evaluate longer-term effects of this potentially important intervention.
Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial Group. Continuous or nocturnal oxygen therapy in hypoxemic chronic obstructive lung disease. Ann Intern Med1980;93(3):391–398.
2.
Medical Research Council Working Party. Long term domiciliary oxygen therapy in chronic hypoxic cor pulmonale complicating chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Lancet1981;1(8222):681–686.
3.
BeginP, GrassinoA.Inspiratory muscle dysfunction and chronic hypercapnia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis1991;143(5 Pt 1):905–912.
4.
DouglasNJ, CalverleyPMA, LeggettRJE, BrashHM, FlenleyDC, BrezinovaV.Transient hypoxaemia during sleep in chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Lancet1979;1(8106):1–4.
5.
WynneJW, BlockAJ, HemenwayJ, HuntLA, FlickMR. Disordered breathing and oxygen desaturation during sleep in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD). Am J Med1979;66(4):573–579.
6.
CelliB, LeeH, CrinerG, BermudezM, RassuloJ, GilmartinM, . Controlled trial of external negative pressure ventilation in patients with severe airflow limitation. Am Rev Respir Dis1989;140(5):1251–1256.
7.
ShapiroSH, ErnstP, Gray-DonaldK, MartinJG, Wood-DauphineeS, BeaupreA, . Effect of negative pressure ventilation in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet1992;340(8833):1425–1429.
8.
ZibrakJD, HillNS, FedermanEC, KwaSL, O'DonnellC.Evaluation of intermittent long-term negative-pressure ventilation in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis1988;138(6):1515–1518.
9.
CarrollN, BranthwaiteMA. Control of nocturnal hypoventilation by nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation. Thorax1988;43(5):349–353.
10.
ElliotMW, SimondsAK, CarrollMP, WedzichaJA, BranthwaiteMA. Domiciliary nocturnal nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in hypercapnic respiratory failure due to chronic obstructive lung disease: effects on sleep and quality of life. Thorax1992;47(5):342–348.
11.
Meecham JonesDJ, PaulEA, JonesPW, WedzichaJA. Nasal pressure support ventilation plus oxygen compared to oxygen therapy alone in hypercapnic COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med1995;152(2):538–544.
IngrassiaTS3rd, NelsonSB, HarrisCD, HubmayrRD. Influence of sleep state on CO₂ responsiveness: a study of the unloaded respiratory pump in humans. Am Rev Respir Dis1991;144(5):1125–1129.
14.
WeigandL, ZwillichCW, WhiteDP. Sleep and the ventilatory response to resistive loading in normal men. J Appl Physiol1988;64(3):1186–1195.
15.
GoldsteinRS, RamcharanV, BowesG, McNicholasWT, BradleyD, PhillipsonEA. Effect of supplemental nocturnal oxygen on gas exchange in patients with severe obstructive lung disease. N Engl J Med1984;310(7):425–429.
16.
FletcherEC, ScottD, QianW, LuckettRA, MillerCC, Goodnight-WhiteS.Evolution of nocturnal oxyhemoglobin desaturation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and a daytime Pao above 60 mm Hg. Am Rev Respir Dis1991;144(2):401–405.
17.
JuanG, CalverleyP, TalamoC, SchnaderJ, RoussosC.Effect of carbon dioxide on diaphragmatic function in human beings. N Engl J Med1984;310(14):874–879.
18.
BelmanMJ, Soo HooGW, KueiJH, ShadmehrR.Efficacy of positive vs negative pressure ventilation in unloading the respiratory muscles. Chest1990;98(4):850–856.
19.
CarreyZ, GottfriedSB, LevyRD. Ventilatory muscle support in respiratory failure with nasal positive pressure ventilation. Chest1990;97(1):150–158.
20.
RenstonJP, DiMarcoAF, SupinskiGS. Respiratory muscle rest using nasal BiPAP ventilation in patients with stable severe COPD. Chest1994;105(4):1053–1060.
21.
HillNS, EveloffSE, CarlisleCC, GoffSG. Efficacy of nocturnal nasal ventilation in patients with restrictive thoracic disease. Am Rev Respir Dis1992;145(2 Pt 1):365–371.
22.
GoldsteinRS, MolotiuN, SkrastinsR, LongS, deRosieJ, ContrerasM, . Reversal of sleep-induced hypoventilation and chronic respiratory failure by nocturnal negative pressure ventilation in patients with restrictive ventilatory impairment. Am Rev Respir Dis1987;135(5):1049–1055.
23.
ElliotMW, MulveyDA, MoxhamJ, GreenM, BranthwaiteMA. Domiciliary nocturnal nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in COPD: mechanisms and underlying changes in arterial blood gas tensions. Eur Respir J1991;4(9):1044–1052.
24.
CalverleyPMA, BrezinovaV, DouglasNJ, CatterallJR, FlenleyDC. The effect of oxygenation on sleep quality in chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Am Rev Respir Dis1982;126(2):206–210.
25.
BrezinovaV, CatterrallJR, DouglasNJ, CalverlyPM, FlenleyDC. Night sleep of patients with chronic ventilatory failure and age-marched controls: number and duration of the EEG episodes of intervening wakefulness and drowsiness. Sleep1982;5(2):123–130.
26.
HedemarkL, KronenbergR.Ventilatory responses to hypoxia and CO2 during natural and flurazepam induced sleep in normal adults (abstract). Am Rev Respir Dis1981;123:A190.
27.
RobertD, GerardM, LegerP, ButfarJ, JennequinJ, HolzapfelJ, . Permanent mechanical ventilation at home via a tracheotomy in chronic respiratory insufficiency. Rev Fr Mal Respir1983;11(6):923–936. (article in French)
28.
MuirJ-F. Intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Eur Respir Rev1992;2-10:335–345.
29.
GutierrezM, BeroizaT, ContrerasG, DiazO, CruzE, MorenoR, LisboaC.Weekly cuirass ventilation improves blood gases and inspiratory muscle strength in patients with chronic air-flow limitation and hypercarbia. Am Rev Respir Dis1988;138(3):617–623.
30.
CroppA, DiMarcoAF. Effects of intermittent negative pressure ventilation on respiratory muscle function in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis1987;135(5):1056–1061.
31.
MarinoW.Intermittent volume cycled mechanical ventilation via nasal mask in patients with respiratory failure due to COPD. Chest1991;99(3):681–684.
32.
StrumpfDA, MillmanRP, CarlisleCC, GrattanLM, RyanSM, EricksonAD, HillNS. Nocturnal positive-pressure ventilation via nasal mask in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis1991;144(6):1234–1239.
33.
McSweeneyAJ, GrantI, HeatonRK, AdamsKM, TimmsRM. Life quality of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Intern Med1982;142(3):473–478.
34.
OkubadejoAA, PaulEA, JonesPW, WedzichaJA. Does long-term oxygen therapy affect quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and severe hypoxaemia?Eur Respir J1996;9(11):2335–2339.
35.
JonesPW, QuirkFH, BaveystockCM, LittlejohnsP.A self-complete measure of health status for chronic airflow limitation. The St George's Respiratory Questionnaire. Am Rev Respir Dis1992;145(6):1321–1327.
36.
PehrssonK, OlofsonJ, LarssonS, SullivanM.Quality of life of patients treated by home mechanical ventilation due to restrictive ventilatory disorders. Respir Med1994;88(1):21–26.
37.
SeemungalTAR, DonaldsonGC, PaulEA, BestallJC, JeffriesDJ, WedzichaJA. Effect of exacerbation on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med1998;157(5 Pt 1):1418–1422.
38.
PerrinC, El FarY, VandenbosF, TamisierR, DumonMC, LemoigneF, . Domiciliary nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in severe COPD: effects on lung function and quality of life. Eur Respir J1997;10(12):2835–2939.
39.
LinC-C. Comparison between nocturnal nasal positive pressure ventilation combined with oxygen therapy and oxygen monotherapy in patients with severe COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med1996;154(2 Pt 1):153–358.
40.
LegerP, BeclicarnJM, CornelleA, Reybet-DegatO, LangevinB, PoluJM, . Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation. Long term follow-up in patients with severe chronic respiratory insufficiency. Chest1994;105(1):100–105.
41.
SimondsAK, ElliotMW. Outcome of domiciliary nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in restrictive and obstructive disorders. Thorax1995;50(6):604–609.
42.
SivasothyP, SmithIE, ShneersonJM. Mask intermittent positive pressure ventilation in chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J1998;11(1):34–40.
43.
JonesSE, PackhamS, HebdenM, SmithAP. Domiciliary nocturnal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in patients with respiratory failure due to severe COPD: long term follow up and effect on survival. Thorax1998;53(6):495–498.
JonesDJ, BraidGM, WedzichaJA. Nasal masks for domiciliary positive pressure ventilation: patient usage and complications. Thorax1994;49:811–812.
46.
ElliotMW, MulveyDA, MoxhamJ, GreenM, BranthwaireMA. Inspiratory muscle effort during nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in patients with chronic obstructive airways disease. Anaesthesia1993;48(1):8–13.
47.
Meecham JonesDJ, WedzichaJA. Comparison of pressure and volume preset nasal ventilator systems in stable chronic respiratory failure. Eur Respir J1993;6(7):1060–1064.
48.
CooperCB, HowardP.An analysis of sequential physiologic changes in hypoxic cor pulmonale during long-term oxygen therapy. Chest1991;100(1):76–80.
49.
Meecham JonesDJ, WedzichaJA. Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation in advanced progressive chronic respiratory failure due to COPD (abstract). Am Rev Respir Dis1993;147:A322.
50.
BottJ, CarrollMP, ConwayJH, KeiltySEI, WardEM, BrownAM, . Randomised controlled trial of nasal ventilation in acute ventilatory failure due to chronic obstructive airways disease. Lancet1993;341(8860):1555–1557.
51.
BrochardL, ManceboJ, WysockiM, LofasoF, ContiG, IbussA, . Noninvasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med1995;333(13):817–822.
52.
KramerN, MeyerTI, MelunjJ, CeceRD, HillNS. Randomized prospective trial of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in acute respiratory failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med1995;151(6):1799–1806.
