The 2021 Census of India for over 1.3 billion population deploying 3 million enumerators, has significant evidence value for 71 countries where census is scheduled during 2021. Census mapping plays a major role in accurate, complete and timely census. It delineates the exact and correct boundaries of all the administrative units. The Indian census has been using Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies over the last three censuses. In this study, we focus on the applications and methodologies being adopted for the census mapping in Census 2021 in India which is going to be the first digital Census of India. Five mobile apps have been developed for data collection and for map-related work. The 2021 Indian census utilises the latest census mapping techniques, namely standardisation of GIS spatial database design, geo-referencing of administrative units and latest mobile mapping application (Arc GIS Quick Capture) for field operations and built-up area digitisation work. We also discuss the various challenges and their solutions for census mapping in India, most prominently a high quality, updated, comprehensive and geo-referenced address registry for accurate data collection and mapping, and the use of geo-referenced high-resolution satellite images at village level for covering the gaps in rural boundary maps.
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