If humans have evolved from earlier animals, there must be a common core of relating which runs from the simplest to the most complex, which is capable of multiple adaptations and variations. This is represented by the interpersonal octagon, constructed around the two nodal points of a dimension concerned with regulating distance, the two nodal points of a dimension concerned with relative power, and four intermediate points. Each point is associated with a relating objective called a state of relatedness. This is attained or maintained either by relating or being related to. People acquire relating competencies and establish sources and stores of each state. Emotional responses are linked with the successful attainment, danger of losing, or actual loss of states. Maladaptive forms of relating may be egocentric, insecure, or avoidant. Interrelating is the process by which two people reconcile their respective relating objectives.
ADAMS, H. B."Mental illness" or interpersonal behavior?American Psychologist, 1964, 19, 191-197.
2.
AINSWORTH, M. D.The development of infant-mother interaction among the Ganda. In B. M. Foss (Ed.), Determinants of infant behaviour II. New York: Wiley, 1963.
3.
ANDREASEN, N. C., RICE, J.ENDICOTT, J., CORYELL, W., GROVE, W. M., & REICH, T.Familial rates of affective disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1987, 44, 461-469.
4.
BAGLEY, C.Occupational class and symptoms of depression. Social Science and Medicine, 1973, 7, 327-340.
5.
BAILEY, A. J., LE COUTEUR, A., RUTTER, M., PICKLES, A., YUZDA, E., SCHMIDT, D., & GOTTESMAN, I.Obstetric and Neurodevelopmental Data from the British Twin Study of Autism. Paper presented to the Second World Congress on Psychiatric Genetics, London, August 1991.
6.
BARKER, J. C.The hospital addiction syndrome (Munchausen syndrome). Journal of Mental Science, 1962, 108, 167-182.
7.
BARTHOLOMEW, K.Avoidance of intimacy: An attachment perspective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 1990, 7, 147-178.
8.
BENJAMIN, L. S.Structural analysis of social behavior. Sociological Review, 1974, 81, 392-425.
9.
BERNE, E.What do you say after you say hello?London: Andre Deutch, 1974.
10.
BIRTCHNELL, J.Interpersonal theory: Criticism, modification and elaboration. Human Relations, 1990, 43, 1183-1201.
11.
BIRTCHNELL, J.The negative relating of depressed patients: A new approach. Journal of Affective Disorders, 1992, 24, 165-176.
12.
BIRTCHNELL, J.How humans relate: A new interpersonal theory. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 1993.
13.
BRIAR, S., & BIERI, J. A.A factor analytic and trait inference study of the Leary Interpersonal Checklist. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1963, 19, 193-198.
14.
BUHRMESTER, D., FURMAN, W., WITTENBERG, M. T.REIS, H. T.Five domains of interpersonal competence in peer relationships. Journal of & Personality and Social Psychology, 1988, 55, 991-1008.
15.
CARSON, R. C.Interaction concepts of personality. Chicago: Aldine, 1969.
16.
CORYELL, W., ENDICOTT, J., KELLER, M., ANDREASEN, N., GROVE, W., HIRSCHFELD, R. M. A., & SCHEFTNER, W.Bipolar affective disorder and high achievement: A familial association. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1989, 146, 983-988.
17.
CRISP, A. H.Anorexia nervosa: Let me be. London: Academic Press, 1980.
18.
FAIRBAIRN, W. D. R.Schizoid factors in the personality. In Psychoanalytic studies of the personality. London: Routlege and Kegan Paul, 1953.
19.
FREEDMAN, M. B., LEARY, T., OSSORIO, A. G., & COFFEY, H. S.The interpersonal dimension of personality. Journal of Personality, 1951, 20, 143-161.
20.
FREUD, S.Formulations regarding the two principles in mental functioning (translated by M. N. Searl). In Collected papers (Vol. 4). London: Hogarth Press, 1925 (originally 1911).
21.
FRUDE, N.Understanding family problems: A psychological approach. Chichester: Wiley, 1991.
22.
GARDNER, R.Mechanisms in manic-depressive disorder: An evolutionary model. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1982, 39, 1436-1440.
23.
GUITMAN, L. A.A new approach to factor analysis: The radex. In P. R. Lazarsfield (Ed.), Mathematical thinking in the social sciences. Glencoe, Illinois, Free Press, 1954.
24.
JACKSON, D. N., & HELMES, E.Personality structure and the circumplex. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1979, 37, 2278-2285.
25.
KIESLER, D. J.The 1983 interpersonal circle: A taxonomy for complementarity in human transactions. Psychological Review, 1983, 90, 185-214.
26.
KIESLER, D. J.The 1983 interpersonal circle: An analysis of DSM-III personality disorders. In T. Millon and G. L. Klerman (Eds.), Contemporary directions in psychopathology: Towards the DSM-IVNew York: Guilford, 1986. (a)
27.
KIESLER, D. J.Interpersonal methods of diagnosis and treatment. In J. O. Cavenar (Ed.), Psychiatry (Vol. 14). New York: Lippincott, 1986, pp. 1-23. (b)
28.
KIESLER, D. J., VAN DENBURG, T. F., SIKES-NOVA, V. E., LARUS, J. P., & GOLDSTON, C.Interpersonal behavior profiles of eight cases of DSM-III personality disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1990, 46, 440-453.
29.
KOHUT, H.The analysis of the self. A systematic approach to the psychoanalytic treatment of narcissistic personality disorders. New York: International Universities Press, 1971.
30.
LaFORGE, R., FREEDMAN, M. B., & WIGGINS, J.Interpersonal circumplex models: 1948-1983 (symposium). Journal of Personality Assessment, 1985, 49, 613-631.
31.
LaFORGE, R., & SUCZEK, R.The interpersonal dimension of personality, III: An interpersonal checklist. Journal of Personality, 1955, 24, 94-112.
32.
LEARY, T.Interpersonal diagnosis of personality. New York: Ronald Press, 1957.
33.
LORR, M., & McNAIR, D. M.An interpersonal behavior circle. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1963, 67, 68-75.
34.
LORR, M. & McNAIR, D. M.Expansion of the interpersonal behavior circle. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1965, 2, 823-830.
MAIN, M., KAPLAN, N., & CASSIDY, J.Security in infancy, childhood and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. In I. Bretherton and E. Walters (Eds.), Growing Points in Attachment Theory and Research. Monograph of the Society for Research in Child Development, 1986, 50(1-2).
37.
McCRAE, R. R., & COSTA, P. T., Jr.The structure of interpersonal traits: Wiggins circumplex and the five factor model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1989, 56, 586-595.
38.
McLEMORE, C. W., & BENJAMIN, L. S.Whatever happened to interpersonal diagnosis? A psychosocial alternative to DSM-III. American Psychologist, 1979, 34, 17-34.
39.
PADDOCK, J. R., & NOWICKI, S.An examination of the Leary circumplex through the Interpersonal Check List. Journal of Research in Personality, 1986, 20, 107-144.
40.
PAULHUS, D. L., & MARTIN, C. L.The structure of personality capabilities. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1987, 52, 354-365.
41.
ROMNEY, D. M., & BYNNER, J. M.Evaluation of a circumplex model of DSM-III personality disorders. Journal of Research in Personality, 1989, 23, 525-538.
42.
SPIEKER, S., & BOOTH, C.Maternal antecedents of attachment quality. In J. Belsky and T. Nezworski (Eds.), Clinical implications of attachment. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum, 1988.
43.
STRONG, S. R., HILLS, H. I., KILMARTIN, C. T., DeVRIES, H., LANIER, K., NELSON, B. N., STRICKLAND, D., & MEYER, C. W. III. The dynamic relations among interpersonal behaviors: A test of complementarity and anticomplementarity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1988, 54, 798-810.
44.
SULLIVAN, H. S.The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry. New York: Norton, 1953.
45.
TUSTIN, F.Autistic Barriers in Neurotic Patients. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1986.
46.
WALLACE, J.An abilities conception of personality: Some implications for personality measurement. American Psychologist, 1966, 21, 132-138.
47.
WIGGINS, J. S.A psychological taxonomy of trait-descriptive terms: The interpersonal domain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1979, 37, 395-412.
48.
WIGGINS, J. S.Circumplex models of interpersonal behavior in clinical psychology. In P. C. Kendall and J. N. Butcher (Eds.), Handbook of Research Methods in Clinical Psychology. New York: Wiley, 1982.
49.
WIGGINS, J. S., & BROUGHTON, R.The interpersonal circle: A structural model for the integration of personality research. In R. Hogan (Ed.), Perspectives in personality (Vol. 1). New York: JAI Press, 1985.
50.
WIGGINS, J. S., & PINCUS, A. L.Conceptions of personality disorders and dimensions of personality. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1989, 1, 305-316.
51.
WIGGINS, J. S., STEIGER, J. H., & GAELICK, L.Evaluating circumplexity in personality data. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1981, 16, 263-289.
52.
WINNICOTT, D. W.The capacity to be alone. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 1958, 9, 420-438.
