Predictors of providing support among two-earner couples have rarely been examined. This paper reviews existing literature on work family dynamics and proposes that providing support is a consequence of factors in the support environment, the provider's resources, and the provider's willingness to provide support based on perceptions of equity, appropriateness, and rewards.
ADAMS, J. S.Toward a better understanding of equity. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1963, 4, 22-36.
2.
ANESHENSEL, C. S.Marital and employment role strain, social support, and depression among adult women. In S. Hobbfoll, (Ed.), Stress, social support and women. New York: Hemisphere, 1986, pp. 99-114.
3.
ATKINSON, T., LIEM, R., & LIEM, J. H.The social costs of unemployment: Implications for social support. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 1986, 27, 317-331.
4.
BALL, R., WARHEIT, G., VANDIVER, J., & HOLZER, C.Kin ties of low-income blacks and whites. Ethnicity, 1979, 6, 184-196.
5.
BALL, R., WARHEIT, G., VANDIVER, J., & HOLZER, C.Friendship networks: More supportive of Black women?Ethnicity, 1980, 7, 70-77.
6.
BARLING, J., MCEWEN, K. E., & PRATT, L. I.Manipulating the type and source of social support: An experimental investigation. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 1988, 20(2), 140-153.
7.
BARUCH, G. K., BEINER, L., & BARNETT, R. C.Women and gender in research on work and family stress. American Psychologist, 1987, 42(2), 130-136.
8.
BECKER, G. S., LANDES, E. M., & MICHAEL, R. T.An economic analysis of marital instability. Journal of Political Economy, 1977, 85, 114-187.
9.
BEDETAN, A. G., MOSSHOLDER, K. W., & TOULIATOS, J.Individual propensities for emotional supportiveness within a dual career context: Work and nonwork reactions. International Journal of Management, 1986, 7(4), 7-12.
10.
BEEHR, T. A.The role of social support in coping with organizational stress. In T. A. Beehr and R. S. Bhagat (Eds.), Human stress and cognition in organizations: An integrated perspective. New York: Wiley Interscience, 1985, pp. 375-398.
11.
BELL, R. R.Worlds of friendship. Beverly Hills, Ca.: Sage, 1981.
12.
BELLE, D.The impact of poverty on social networks and supports. Marriage and Family Review, 1983, 5, 89-103.
13.
BEM, S. L.The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1974, 42(2), 155-162.
14.
BERNARDO, D. H., SHEHAN, C. L., & LESLIE, G. R.A residue of tradition: Jobs, careers and spouses' time in housework. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1987, 43(2), 361-390.
15.
BIRD, G. W., & BIRD, G. A.Strategies for reducing role strain among dual career couples. International Journal of Sociology of the Family, 1986, 16(1), 83-94.
16.
BRYSON, R., BRYSON, J. B., & JOHNSON, M. F.Family size, satisfaction, and productivity in dual career couples. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 1978, 3(1), 67-77.
17.
BURDA, P. JR., VAUX, A., & SCHILL, T.Social support resources: Variation across sex and sex-role. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1984, 10, 199-126.
18.
BURKE, R. J., WEIR, T., & DUWORS, R. E.Work demands on administrators and spouse well-being. Human Relations, 1980, 33, 253-278.
19.
CAMPBELL, A., CONVERSE, P. P., & ROGERS, W.The quality of American life: Perceptions, evaluations and satisfactions. New York: Russell Sage, 1976.
20.
CAPLAN, G.The family as a support system. In G. Caplan and M. Killilea (Eds.), Support systems and mutual help. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1986, pp. 19-36.
21.
CROSBY, F. E.Relative deprivation and working women. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982.
22.
De PAULO, B.Social psychological processes in informed help seeking. In T. A. Wiles (Ed.), Basic processes in helping relationships. New York: Academic Press, 1982.
23.
DUNKEL-SCHETTER, C.Social support and cancer: Findings based on patient interviews and their implications. Journal of Social Issues, 1984, 40(4), 77-97.
24.
DUNKEL-SCHETTER, C., FOLKMAN, S., & LAZARUS, R. S.Correlates of social support receipt. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1987, 53(1), 71-80.
25.
ECKENRODE, J.The mobilization of social supports: Some individual constraints. American Journal of Community Psychology, 1983, 11, 509-528.
26.
FAVA, S. F.Marital Status and the Status of Women in Professional Sociology. Paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of Society for the Study of Social Problems, New Orleans, August, 1972.
27.
FAVA, S. F., & GENOVESE, R. G.Dual career marriages: Issues for research. In Research in the Interweave of Social Roles Families and Jobs (Vol. 3). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1983, 163-185.
28.
FOWLKES, M. R.Behind every successful man: Wives of medicine and academe. New York: Columbia University Press, 1980.
29.
FRONE, M. R., & RICE, R. W.Work-family conflict: The effect of job and family involvement. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 1987, 8, 45-53.
30.
GANSTER, D. C., FUSILIER, M. R., & MAYES, B. T.Role of social support in the experience of stress at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1986, 71, 102-110.
31.
GERSON, K.What do women want from men? Men's influence on women's work and family choices. In M. KIMMEL (Ed.), Changing men: New directions in research on men and masculinity. Newberry Park: Sage, 1987, pp. 115-130.
32.
GLENN, E. N.Gender and the family. In B. R. Hess and M. M. Ferree (Eds.), Analyzing gender: A handbook of social science research. Newberry Park: Sage, 1987.
33.
GORE, S.Social support and styles of coping with stress. In S. Cohen and S. L. Syme (Eds.), Social support and health. New York: Academic Press, 1985, pp. 263-278.
34.
GOTTLIEB, B. H. (Ed.). Social networks and social support. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1981.
35.
GREENHAUS, J. H., & BEUTELL, N. J.Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 1985, 11, 164-177.
36.
GREENHAUS, J. H., & KOPELMAN, R. E., Conflict between work and non-work roles: Implications for the career planning process. Human Resource Planning, 1981, 4(1), 1-10.
37.
GREENHAUS, J. H., & PARASURAMAN, S.A work-nonwork interactive perspective of stress and its consequences. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 1986, 8(2), 37-60.
38.
GUPTA, N., & JENKINS, G. D.Dual-career couples: Stress, stressors, strain and strategies. In T. A. Beehr and R. S. Bhagat (Eds.), Human stress and cognition in organizations: An integrated perspective. New York: Wiley Interscience, 1985, pp. 141-175.
39.
HALL, F. S., & HALL, D. T.The two career couple. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1979.
40.
HARDESTY, S. A., & BETZ, N.The relationship of career salience, attitudes toward women and demographic and family characteristics to marital adjustment in dual career couples. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1980, 17, 242-250.
41.
HATFIELD, E., WALSTER, G. W., & PILIAVIN, J. H.Equity theory and helping relationships. In L. Wispe (Ed.), Altruism, sympathy and helping. New York: Academic Press, 1978, pp. 115-139.
42.
HILLER, D. V., & PHILIBER, W. W.Predicting marital and career success among dual-career couples. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1982, 44, 53-62.
43.
HIRSCH, B. J.Psychological dimensions of social networks: A multimethod analysis. American Journal of Community Psychology, 1979, 10, 263-277.
44.
HOLAHAN, C. K., & GILBERT, L. A.Conflict between major life roles: Women and men in dual career couples. Human Relations, 1979, 32(6), 451-467.
45.
HOLMSTROM, L. L.The two career family. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman, 1972.
46.
HOUSE, J. S.Work, stress and social support. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1981.
47.
HOUSE, J. S., & WELLS, J. A.Occupational stress, social support and health. In A. McLean, G. Black, and M. Colligan (Eds.), Reducing occupational stress: Proceedings of a conference. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govt. Printing Office, 1978, pp. 8-29.
48.
HOUSE, J. S., KAHN, R. L., MCLEOD, J. D., & WILLIAMS, T.Measures and concepts of social support. In S. Cohen and S. L. Syme (Eds.), Social support and health. New York: Academic Press, 1985, pp. 83-111.
49.
HUBER, J., & SPITZE, G.Wives' employment, household behaviors and sex role attitudes. Social Forces, 1981, 60(1), 150-169.
50.
KAPLAN, S.A model of person-environment compatibility. Environment and Behavior, 1983, 15(3), 311-332.
51.
KESSLER, R. C., & MCRAE JR., J. A.The effect of wives' employment on the mental health of married men and women. American Sociological Review, 1982, 47, 216-227.
52.
KESSLER, R. C., PRICE, R. H., & WORTMAN, C. B.Social factors in psychopathology: Stress, social support and coping processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 1985, 36, 531-572.
53.
LADEWIG, B. H., & MCGEE, G. W.Occupational commitment, a supportive family environment, and marital adjustment: Development and estimation of a model. Journal of Mariage and the Family, 1986, 48, 821-829.
54.
LATANE, B., & NIDA, S.Ten years of research on group size and helping. Psychological Bulletin, 1981, 89, 308-324.
55.
LEFCOURT, H. M., MARTIN, R. A., & SALEH, W. E.Locus of control and social support: Interactive moderators of stress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1984, 47, 378-389.
56.
LOWENTHAL, M. F., & HAVEN, C.Interaction and adaptation: Intimacy as a critical variable. American Sociological Review, 1968, 33, 20-30.
57.
MARTIN, T. H., BERRY, K. J., & JACOBSON, R. B.The impact of dual career marriages on female professional careers: An empirical test of a Parsonian hypothesis. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1975, 37, 734-742.
58.
MILLER, R. S., & LEFCOURT, H.Social intimacy: An important moderator of stressful life events. American Journal of Community Psychology, 1983, 11, 127-139.
59.
MOEN, P.1982. The two provider family: Problems and potentials. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), Nontraditional families. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1982.
60.
MOEN, P., & MOOREHOUSE, M.Overtime over the life cycle. A test of the life cycle squeeze hypothesis. In H. A. Lopata and J. H. Pleck (Eds.), Research in the interweave of social roles. Vol. 3: Families and jobs. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1983.
61.
NICOLA, J. S. & HAWKES, G. R.Marital satisfaction of dual career couples: Does sharing increase happiness?Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 1985, 1(1), 47-60.
62.
NYE, I. (Ed.). Role structure and analysis of the family. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1976.
63.
ORTHNER, D. K., & PITTMAN, J. F.Family contributions to work commitment. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1986, 48, 573-581.
64.
PARSONS, T. Age and sex in the social structure of the United States. American Sociological Review, 1942, 70, 604-616.
65.
PARSONS, T.An analytical approach to the theory of social stratification. In T. Parsons (Ed.), Essays in sociological theory. Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1949.
66.
PEARLIN, L. I.Status inequality and stress in marriage. American Sociological Review, 1975, 40, 344-357.
67.
PEARLIN, L. I.Social structure and processes of social support. In S. Cohen and S. L. Syme (Eds.), Social support and health. New York: Academic Press, 1985, pp. 43-60.
68.
PERUCCI, C. C., POTTER, H. R., & RHOADS, D. L.Determinants of male family role performance. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 1978, 3, 53-66.
69.
PLECK, J. H.Working wives/working husbands. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1985.
70.
PLECK, J. H., STAINES, G. L., & LONG, L.Conflicts between work and family life. Monthly Labor Review, 1980, 103(3), 29-32.
71.
QUINN, R. P., & STAINES, G. L.The 1977 quality of employment survey. Ann Arbor, Michigan: ISR, University of Michigan, 1978.
72.
RACHLIN, V. C.Fair vs. equal role relations in dual career and dual earner families: Implications for family interventions. Family Relations, 1987, 36, 187-192.
73.
REPETTI, R. L.Family and occupational roles and women's mental health. In R. M. Schwartz (Ed.), Women at work. Los Angeles, CA: Institute of Industrial Relations, UCLA, 1987.
74.
RICE D. G.Dual career marriage, conflict and treatment. New York: MacMillan, 1979.
75.
RILEY, D., & ECKENRODE, J.Socialites: Subgroup differences in costs and benefits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1986, 51, 770-778.
76.
ROBY, P., & UTTAL, L.Trade union stewards: Coping with union, work, and family responsibilities. In B. A. Gutek, L. Larwood, and A. H. Stromberg (Eds.), Women and work: An annual review (Vol. 3). Newberry Park: Sage, 1988.
77.
ROOK, K. S.The negative side of social interaction: Impact on psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1984, 46, 1097-1108.
78.
RUDD, N. M., & MCKENRY, P. C.Family influences on job satisfaction of employed mothers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 1986, 10, 363-372.
79.
SAFILIOS-ROTHSCHILD, C.Family and stratification: Some macro-sociological observations and hypotheses. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1975, 37, 855-860.
80.
SANDLER, I. N., & LAKEY, B.Locus of control as a stress moderator: The role of control perceptions and social support. American Journal of Community Psychology, 1982, 10, 65-80.
81.
SEKARAN, U.Dual career families. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass, 1986.
82.
SHAFER, R. B., & KEITH, P. M.Equity and depression among married couples. Social Psychology Quarterly, 1980, 43, 430-435.
83.
SHUMAKER, S., & BROWNELL, A.Toward a theory of social support: Closing conceptual gaps. Journal of Social Issues, 1984, 40(4), 11-36.
84.
SHUMAKER, S., & JACKSON, J. S.The aversive effects of nonreciprocated benefits. Social Psychology Quarterly, 1979, 42(2), 148-158.
85.
SHUMAKER, S., & REIZENSTEIN, J.Environmental factors affecting inpatient stress in acute care hospitals. In G. W. Evans (Ed.), Environmental stress. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982, pp. 179-223.
86.
STAFORD, R., BACKMAN, E., & DI BONI, P.The division of labor among cohabiting and married couples. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1977, 39, 43-57.
87.
SUCHET, M., & BARLING, J.Employed mothers: Inter-role conflict, spouse support, and marital functioning. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 1986, 7, 167-178.
88.
SULS, J. M., & MILLER, R. L.Social comparison processes: Theoretical and empirical perspectives. Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishing Corp., 1977.
89.
TARDY, C. H.Social support measurement. American Journal of Community Psychology, 1985, 13(2), 187-202.
90.
TAUSIG, M., & MICHELLO, J.Seeking social support. In J. E. Singer (Ed.), Basic and applied social psychology, 1988, 9(1), 1-12.
91.
THOMAS, S., ALBRECHT, K., WHITE, P., FAIRES, C., & SHOUN, S.Determinants of Marital Quality in Dual Career Couples. Paper presented at the Annula Meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York, 1982.
92.
UOMOTO, J.Social Support and the Family Environment of Asian Americans. Paper presented at the Meeting of the Western Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA, 1983 (as referred to in Vaux, A. op cit.).
93.
VANFOSSEN, B. E.Sex differences in the mental health effects of spouse support and equity. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 1981, 22, 130-143.
94.
VANFOSSEN, B. E.Sex differences in depression: The role of spouse support. In S. E. Hobfall (Ed.), Stress, social support and women. New York: Hemisphere, 1986, pp. 69-84.
95.
VAUX, A.Variations in social support associated with gender, ethnicity and age. Journal of Social Issues, 1985, 41(1), 89-110.
96.
VROOM, V. H.Work and motivation. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1964.
97.
WEINGARTEN, K.The employment pattern of professional couples and their distribution of involvement in the family. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 1978, 3, 43-52.
98.
WILEY, D. L.The relationship between work/nonwork role conflict and job related outcomes: Some unanticipated findings. Journal of Management, 1987, 13(3), 467-472.
99.
WILKIE, J. R., & ALLEN, I. L.Women sociologists and coauthorship with men. The American Sociologist, 1975, 10, 19-24.
100.
YOGEV, S., & BRET, J.Perceptions of the division of housework and child care and marital satisfaction. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1985, 47, 609-618.