Six hundred and forty police officers participated in a survey of job performance feedback. Results were interpreted in terms of a hierarchical view of feedback, in which task feedback is relied upon most heavily for evaluating one's own performance, but feedback from the organization is used to adjust the way information from the task is used. Consistent with these expectations, self-evaluations were most closely associated with task feedback. Strain varied as a function of both (a) inconsistency between organization and task feedback, and (b) affective relevance of feedback from others.
ANNETT, J.Feedback and human behavior. Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1969.
2.
ASHFORD, S. J. Individuals' Use of the Feedback Environment: An Exploratory Study. Unpublished manuscript, University of Michigan, 1992.
3.
ASHFORD, S. J., & CUMMINGS, L. L.Feedback as an individual resource: Personal strategies of creating information. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 1983, 3Z370-398.
4.
ASHFORD, S. J., & NORTHCRAFT, G. B.Conveying More (or Less) than We Know. Paper presented at Academy of Management, Washington, D.C., 1989.
5.
BECKER, T. E., & KLIMOSKI, R. J.A field study of the relationship between the organizational feedback environment and performance. Personnel Psychology, 1989, 42, 343-358.
6.
BEEHR, T. A., KING, L. A., & KING, D.A.Social support and occupational stress: Talking to supervisors. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1990, 36, 61-81.
7.
BROWN, J. D.Evaluation of self and others: Self enhancement bias in social judgment. Social Cognition, 1986, 4, 353-376.
8.
BROWN, J. D.Evaluating ones abilities: Short cuts and stumbling blocks on the road to self-knowledge. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1990, 26, 149-167.
9.
BRUNSWICK, E.Perception and the representative design of psychological experiments (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1956.
10.
CAMMANN, C. The Impact of a Feedback System on Managerial Attitudes and Performance. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, Yale University, 1974.
11.
CATTELL, R. G.The scree test for number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1966, 1, 140-161.
12.
COHEN, J., & COHEN, P.Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1983.
13.
DAFT, R. L., & MacINTOSH, N. B., A tentative exploration into the amount and equivocality of information processing in organizational work units. Administration Science Quarterly, 1981, 26, 207-224.
14.
DITTO, P. H., & JEMMOTT, J. B., III. From rarity to evaluative extremity: Effects of prevalence of information on evaluation of positive and negative characteristics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1989, 57, 16-26.
15.
EARLEY, N. C., NORTHCRAFT, G. B., LEE, C., & LITUCHY, T. R.Impact of process and outcome feedback on the relation of goal setting to task performance. Proceedings of the Academy of Management, 1989, 204-208.
16.
EVANS, M. G., The problem of analyzing multiplicative composites: Interactions revisited. American Psychologist, 1991, 46, 6-15.
17.
FELDMAN, D. C., & BRETT, J.Coping with new jobs: A comparative study of new hires and job changers. Academy of Management Journal, 1983, 26, 258-272.
18.
FRENCH, J. R. P., KAY, E., & MEYER, H. H.Participation and the appraisal system. Human Relations, 1966, 19, 3-20.
19.
GREENBERGER, D. B., STRASSER, S., CUMMINGS, L. L., & DUNHAM, R. B.The impact of personal control on performance and satisfaction. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 1989, 43, 29-51.
20.
GRELLER, M. M. The Consequences of Feedback. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Yale University, 1975.
21.
GRELLER, M. M.Evaluation of feedback sources as a function of role and organizational level. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1980, 65, 24-27.
22.
GRELLER, M. M., & HEROLD, D. M., Sources of feedback: A preliminary investigation. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 1975, 13, 244-256.
23.
GRELLER, M. M., & PARSONS, C. K.Psychosomatic complaints scale of stress: Measure development and psychometric properties. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 1988, 48, 1051-1065.
24.
HACKMAN, J. R., & OLDHAM, G. R.Development of the Job Diagnostic Survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1975, 60, 159-170.
25.
HANSER, L. M., & MUCHINSKY, P. M.Work as an information environment. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 1978, 21, 47-60.
26.
HEROLD, D. M., & GRELLER, M. M., Feedback: The definition of a construct. Academy of Management Journal, 1977, 20, 142-147.
27.
HEROLD, D. M., & PARSON, C. K.Assessing the feedback environment in work organizations: Development of the Job Feedback Survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1985, 70, 290-305.
28.
HEROLD, D. M., LIDEN, R. C., & LEATHERWOOD, M. L.Using multiple attributes to assess sources of performance feedback. Academy of Management Journal, 1986, 30, 826-835.
29.
HOUSE, R. J.A path goal theory of leader effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1971, 16, 321-338.
30.
JONES, S. C.Self and interpersonal evaluations: Esteem theories vs. consistency theories. Psychological Bulletin, 1973, 79, 185-199.
31.
KAISER, H. F.The varimax criterion for analytic rotation in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 1958, 23, 187-200.
32.
KAY, E., MEYER, H. H., & FRENCH, J. R. P.Effects of threat in a performance appraisal interview. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1965, 49, 311-317.
33.
KERR, S.On the folly of rewarding A while hoping for B. Academy of Management Journal, 1975, 18, 767-783.
34.
KOMAKI, J. L.Toward effective supervision: An operant analysis and comparison of managers at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1986, 70, 474-485.
35.
LANE, J., & HERROIT, P.Self-ratings, supervisor ratings, positions and performance. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 1990, 63, 77-88.
36.
LARSON, J. R., Jr.The dynamic interplay between employees' feedback-seeking strategies and supervisors' delivery of performance feedbackAcademy of Management Review, 1989, 14, 408-422.
37.
LOCKE, E. A., & LATHAM, G. P.A theory of goal setting and task performance. Englewood-Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1990.
38.
LOCKE, E. A., CARTLEDGE, N., & KOEPPEL, C. S.Motivational effects of knowledge of results: A goal setting phenomena?Psychological Bulletin, 1968, 70, 474-485.
39.
MANZ, C. C.Self-leadership: Toward an expanded theory of self-influence process in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 1986, 11, 585-600.
40.
MEHRAN, A. Moderating Influences of Role Ambiguity on the Relationship of Feedback to Job Satisfaction: A Multi-Attribute Approach. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Columbia University, 1988.
41.
MILLER, V. D., & JABLIN, F. M.Information seeking during organization entry: Influences, tactics and a model of the process. Academy of Management Review, 1991, 16, 92-120.
42.
MILLS, P. K.Self-management: Its control and relationship to other organizational properties. Academy of Management Review, 1983, 8, 445-453.
43.
POWERS, W. T.Behavior: Control of perception. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co., 1973.
44.
ROGERS, C. R., & ROETHLISBERGER, F. J.Barriers and gateways to communication. Harvard Business Review, 1952, 30(4), 46-52.
45.
SALANCIK, G. R., & PFEFFER, J.A social information processing approach to job attitudes and task design. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1978, 23, 224-253.
46.
SCHRAUGER, J. S.Responses to evaluation as a function of initial self-perceptions. Psychological Bulletin, 1975, 82, 581-596.
47.
STONE, E. F.Moderator variables in research: A review and analysis of conceptual and methodological issues. In G. R. Ferris and K. M. Rowland (Ed.), Research in personnel and human resource management. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1988.
48.
TROPE, Y.Self-assessment and self-enhancement and task performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1980, 16, 116-119.
49.
VANCE, R. J., & BIDDLE, T. F.Task experience and social cues: Interactive effects of attitudinal reactions. Organizational Behavior and Human Peiformance, 1985, 35, 252-265.
50.
WALDMAN, D. A., YAMMARINO, F. J., & AVOLIO, B. J.A multiple level investigation of personnel ratings. Personnel Psychology, 1990, 43, 811-835.
