Ethnographic methodology was used to analyze a bureaucratic organization. The informal system of dyadic alliances that was found are analyzed in terms of an adaptive response to problems of ineffective management and interpersonal tensions. The organization and management implications of this "informal" system are discussed.
AGAR, M. H.The professional stranger: An informal introduction to anthropology. New York: Academic Press, 1980.
2.
AGAR, M. H.Speaking of ethnography. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1986.
3.
ARENSBERG, C.Theoretical contributions of industrial and development studies. In E. M. Eddy and W. Partridge (Eds.), Applied anthropology in America. New York: Columbia University Press, 1978, pp. 49-78.
4.
ASTLEY, W. G.Administrative science as socially constructed truth. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1985, 30, 497-513.
5.
BLAU, P. M.Interdependence and hierarchy in organizations. In M. Zey-Ferrell (Ed.), Readings on dimensions of organizations: Environment, context, structure, process, and performance. Santa Monica, California: Goodyear Publishing Co., 1979, pp. 224-243.
6.
BRITAN, G. M., & COHEN, R. (Eds.). Hierarchy and society: Anthropological perspectives on bureaucracy. Philadelphia: ISHI Publications, 1980.
7.
BURAWOY, M.Manufacturing consent. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979.
8.
BURKE, W.Organization development: Principles and practices, Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown and Company, 1982.
CHAPPLE, E. D.Applied anthropology in industry. In A. L. Kroeber (Ed.), Anthropology today: An encyclopedic inventory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953, pp. 819-831.
11.
CHAPPLE, E. D.Culture and biological man: Explorations in behavioral anthropology. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970.
12.
DAVIS, T. R. V. In Kilmann et al. (Eds.), Gaining control of the corporate culture. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1985, pp. 163-183.
13.
FIRTH, R.Elements of social organization (3rd ed.), Boston: Beacon Press, 1963 (third edition originally printed in 1961).
14.
FOSTER, G.The dyadic contract: A model for the social structure of a Mexican peasant village. American Anthropologist, 1961, 631173-1192.
15.
FREILICH, M.Introduction. In M. Freilich (Ed.), Marginal natives: Anthropologists at workNew York: Harper & Row, 1970, pp. 1-37.
16.
FROST, P. J., MOORE, L. F., REIS LOUIS, M., LUNDBERG, C. C., & MARTIN, J. (Eds.). Organizational culture. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1985.
17.
GOULDNER, A. W.The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review, 1960, 25, 161-178.
18.
GUDYKUNST, W. B., STEWART, L. P., & TING-TOOMEY, S. (Eds.). Communication, culture, and organizational processes. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1985.
19.
HANDELMAN, D.Rethinking "banana time": Symbolic integration in the work setting. Urban Life, 1976, 4, 433-448.
20.
HARRISON, M. I.Diagnosing organizations: Methods, models, and processes. Applied Social Research Methods Series, (Vol. 8), Newbury Park: Sage Publications, 1987.
21.
HONIGMANN, J. J. (Ed.), Handbook of social and cultural anthropology, Chicago: Rand McNally and Company, 1973.
22.
HUNTER, D. E., & WHITTEN, P. (Eds.). Encyclopedia of Anthropology. New York: Harper & Row, 1976.
23.
KANTER, R. M.Men and women of the corporation. New York: Basic Books, 1977.
24.
KILMANN, R. H., SAXTON, M. J., SERPA R. & ASSOCIATES. Gaining Control of the Corporate Culture. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1985.
25.
KIRK, J., & MII ER, M. L.Reliability and validity in qualitative research. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1986.
26.
KOITER, J. P.Organizational dynamics: Diagnosis and intervention. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1978.
27.
LANDE, C. H.Introduction: The dyadic basis of clientelism. In S. W. Schmidt, L. Guasti, C. H. Landd, and J. C. Scott (Eds.), Friends, followers, and faction: A reader in political clientelism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977, pp. xiii-xxxvii. (a)
28.
LANDE, C. H.Group politics and dyadic politics: Notes for a theory. In S. W. Schmidt, L. Guasti, C. H. Landd, & J. C. Scott (Eds.), Friends, followers, and factions: A reader in political clientelism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977, pp. 506-510. (b)
29.
LAWRENCE, P. R., & LORSCH, J. W.Developing organizations: Diagnosis and action. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1969.
30.
LEBRA, T. S.An alternative approach to reciprocity. American Anthropologist, 1975, 33, 550-565.
31.
LETT, J.The human enterprise: A critical introduction to anthropological theory. Boulder and London: Westview Press, 1987.
32.
LUTHANS, F., & MOREY, N. C.The use of ethnographic methodology for O. D. research. Organization Development Journal, 1988, 6, 84-88.
33.
MOREY, N. C., & LUTHANS, F.An emic perspective and ethnoscience method for organizational research. Academy of Management Review, 1984, 9, 27-36.
34.
MOREY, N. C., & LUTHANS, F.Refining the displacement of culture and the Vse of scenes and themes in organizational studies. Academy of Management Review, 1985, 10, 219-229.
35.
MORGAN, G. (Ed.). Beyond method: Strategies for social research. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1983.
36.
NAROLL, R., & COHEN, R. (Eds.). A handbook of method in cultural anthropology. New York: Columbia University Press, 1973.
37.
PELTO, P. J., & PELTO, G. H.Anthropological research: The structure of inquiry (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978.
38.
ROHLEN, T. P.For harmony and strength: Japanese white-collar organization in anthropological perspective. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974.
39.
ROY, D.Work satisfaction and social rewards in quota achievement. American Sociological Review, 1953, 18G, 507-514.
40.
ROY, D."Banana time": Job satisfaction and informal interaction. Human Organization, 1959-60, 18, 158-168.
41.
SATHE, V.Culture and related corporate realities. Homewood, Illinois: Richard D. Irwin, 1985.
42.
SCHEIN, E. H.Organizational culture and leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1985.
43.
SCHEIN, E. H.Process consultation: Its role in organization development. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1969.
44.
SCHMIDT, S. W., GUASTI, L., LANDE, C. H., & SCOTT, J. C. (Eds.), Friends, followers, and factions: A reader in political clientelism. Berkeley: The University of California Press, 1977.
45.
SCHON, D. A.Displacement of concepts. London: Tavistock Publications, 1963.
46.
SERVICE, E. R.Primitive social organization: An evolutionary perspective (2nd ed.). New York: Random House, 1971.
47.
SPRADLEY, J. P.Participant observation. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1980.
48.
STODDART, K.The presentation of everyday life: Some textual strategies for adequate ethnography. Urban Life, 1986, 15, 103-121.
49.
TRICE, H. M., & BEYER, J. M.Studying organizational cultures through rites and ceremonials. Academy of Management Review, 1984, 9(4), 653-669.
50.
TRICE, H. M., & BEYER, J. M.Using six organizational rites to change culture. In Kilmann et at (Eds.), Gaining control of the corporate culture. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1985, pp. 370-399.
51.
VAN MAANEN, J. (Ed.). Qualitative methodology. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1983.
52.
VAN MAANEN, J., DABBS, J. M., JR., & FAULKNER, R. R.Varieties of qualitative researchBeverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1982.
53.
WALLACE, A. F. C.Culture and personality (2nd ed.). New York: Random House, 1970.
54.
WEISBORD, M. R.Organizational diagnosis: Six places to look for trouble with or without a theory. Group and Organization Studies, 1976, 1, 430-447.
55.
WEISBORD, M. R.Organizational diagnosis: A workbook of theory and practice. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1986 (originally printed in 1978).
56.
WHYTE, W. F.Organizational behavior research -Where do we go from here? In E. Eddy and W. Partridge (Eds.), Applied anthropology in America. New York: Columbia University Press, 1978, pp. 129-143.
57.
WOLF, E. R.Peasants. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1966.