Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Objective

An up-to-date meta-analysis of experimental research on talking and driving is needed to provide a comprehensive, empirical, and credible basis for policy, legislation, countermeasures, and future research.

Background

The effects of cell, mobile, and smart phone use on driving safety continues to be a contentious societal issue.

Method

All available studies that measured the effects of cell phone use on driving were identified through a variety of search methods and databases. A total of 93 studies containing 106 experiments met the inclusion criteria. Coded independent variables included conversation target (handheld, hands-free, and passenger), setting (laboratory, simulation, or on road), and conversation type (natural, cognitive task, and dialing). Coded dependent variables included reaction time, stimulus detection, lane positioning, speed, headway, eye movements, and collisions.

Results

The overall sample had 4,382 participants, with driver ages ranging from 14 to 84 years (M = 25.5, SD = 5.2). Conversation on a handheld or hands-free phone resulted in performance costs when compared with baseline driving for reaction time, stimulus detection, and collisions. Passenger conversation had a similar pattern of effect sizes. Dialing while driving had large performance costs for many variables.

Conclusion

This meta-analysis found that cell phone and passenger conversation produced moderate performance costs. Drivers minimally compensated while conversing on a cell phone by increasing headway or reducing speed. A number of additional meta-analytic questions are discussed.

Application

The results can be used to guide legislation, policy, countermeasures, and future research.

Keywords

cell mobile and smart phone conversation passenger conversation dialing driving performance meta-analysis research synthesis driver distraction

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Borenstein

Hedges

L. V.

Higgins

J. P. T.

Rothstein

H. R.

(2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. West Sussex, UK: Wiley.

Briggs

G. F.

Hole

G. J.

Land

M. F.

(2011). Emotionally involving telephone conversations lead to driver error and visual tunnelling. Transportation Research: Part F, 14, 313–323.

Buckley

Chapman

R. L.

Sheehan

(2014). Young driver distraction: State of evidence and directions for behavior change programs. Journal of Adolescent Health, 54, S16–S21.

Caird

J. K.

Horrey

W. J.

(2011). Twelve practical and useful questions about driving simulation. In Fisher

Rizzo

Caird

J. K.

Lee

J. D.

(Eds.), Handbook of driving simulation for engineering, medicine, and psychology (pp. 5.1–5.18). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Caird

J. K.

Horrey

(2017). A review of novice and teen driver distraction. In Fisher

D. L.

Caird

J. K.

Horrey

W. J.

Trick

(Eds.), The handbook of teen and novice drivers: Research, practice, policy and directions (pp. 169–190). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Caird

J. K.

Johnston

Willness

Asbridge

Steel

(2014). A meta-analysis of the effects of texting on driving. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 71, 311–318.

Caird

J. K.

Willness

C. R.

Steel

Scialfa

(2008). A meta-analysis of cell phone use on driver performance. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 40, 1282–1293.

Canadian Council on Motor Transport Administrators. (2014). Canadian fines and demerit points for: Hand-held cell phone or electronic communication device use—August 2013. Retrieved from http://ccmta.ca/images/publications/pdf//Canadian-fines-and-demerit-points-cell-phones-ensligh.pdf

Carsten

Brookhuis

(2005). Issues arising from the HASTE experiments. Transportation Research: Part F, 8, 191–196.

10.

Chen

L.-H.

Baker

S. P.

Braver

E. R.

(2000). Carrying passengers as a risk factor for crashes fatal to 16- and 17-year-old drivers. Journal of the American Medical Association, 283, 1578–1582.

11.

Chisholm

Caird

J. K.

Teteris

Lockhart

Smiley

(2006). Novice and experienced driver performance with cell phones. In Proceedings of the 50th Annual Human Factors and Ergonomics Meeting (pp. 2354–2358). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.

12.

Cohen

(1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

13.

Collet

Guillot

Petit

(2010a). Phoning while driving I: A review of epidemiological, psychological, behavioural and physiological studies. Ergonomics, 53(5), 589–601.

14.

Collet

Guillot

Petit

(2010b). Phoning while driving II: A review of driving conditions influence. Ergonomics, 53(5), 602–616.

15.

Dingus

T. A.

(2014). Estimates of prevalence and risk associated with inattention and distraction based upon in situ naturalistic data. Annals of Advances of Automotive Medicine, 58, 60–68.

16.

Dingus

T. A.

Guo

Lee

Antin

J. F.

Perez

Buchman-King

Hankey

(2016). Driver crash risk factors and prevalence evaluation using naturalistic driving data. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 113(10), 60–68.

17.

Drews

F. A.

Pasupathi

Strayer (2008). Passenger and cell phone conversation in simulated driving. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 14(4), 392–400.

18.

Elvik

(2011). Effects of mobile phone use on accident risk: Problems of meta-analysis when studies are few and bad. Transportation Research Record, 2236, 20–26.

19.

Farmer

C. M.

Braitman

K. A.

Lund

A. K.

(2010). Cell phone use while driving and attributable crash risk. Traffic Injury Prevention, 11, 466–470.

20.

Farmer

C. M.

Klauer

S. G.

McClafferty

J. A.

Guo

(2015a). Relationship of near-crash/crash risk to time spent on a cell phone while driving. Traffic Injury Prevention, 16, 792–800.

21.

Farmer

C. M.

Klauer

S. G.

McClafferty

J. A.

Guo

(2015b). Secondary behavior of drivers on cell phones. Traffic Injury Prevention, 16, 801–808.

22.

Ferdinand

A. O.

Menachemi

(2014). Associations between driving performance and engaging in secondary tasks: A systematic review. American Journal of Public Health, 104(3), e39–e48.

23.

Fitch

G. M.

Soccolich

S. A.

Guo

McClafferty

Fang

Olson

R. L.

Perez

M. A.

Hanowski

R. J.

Hankey

J. M.

Dingus

T. A.

(2013). The impact of hand-held and hands-free cell phone use on driving performance and safety-critical event risk (Report No. DOT HS 811 757). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

24.

Foss

R. D.

Goodwin

A. H.

(2014). Distracted driving behaviors and distracted conditions among adolescent drivers: Findings from a naturalistic study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 54, S50–S60.

25.

Fuller

(2005). Towards a general theory of driver behaviour. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 37, 461–472.

26.

Funkhouser

Sayer

(2012). Naturalistic census of cell phone use. Transportation Research Record, 2321, 1–6.

27.

Garner

Hopewell

Chandler

MacLehose

Akl

E. A.

Beyene

(2016). When and how to update systematic reviews: Consensus and checklist. BMJ, 345, i3507.

28.

Gilbert

D. T.

King

Pettigrew

Wilson

T. D.

(2016). Comment on “Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science.” Science, 351(6277), 1037b.

29.

Goodman

M. J.

Tijerina

Bents

F. D.

Wierwille

W. W.

(1999). Using cellular telephones in vehicles: Safe or unsafe? Transportation Human Factors, 1(1), 3–42.

30.

Goodwin

A. H.

O’Brien

N. P.

Foss

F. D.

(2012). Effect of North Carolina’s restriction on teenage driver cell phone use two years after implementation. Accident Analysis Prevention, 48, 363–367.

31.

Governors Highway Safety Association. (2011). Distracted driving: What research shows and what states can do. Washington, DC: Author.

32.

Governors Highway Safety Association. (2017). Cell phone and texting laws. Retrieved from http://www.ghsa.org/html/stateinfo/laws/cellphone_laws.html

33.

Green

(2012). Using standards to improve the replicability and applicability of driver interface research. Automotive UI’12: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications (pp. 15–22). Portsmouth, NH. New York: Association of Computing Machinery.

34.

Guo

Klauer

S. G.

Fang

Hankey

J. M.

Antin

J. F.

Perez

M. A.

Lee

S. E.

Dingus

T. A.

(2017). The effects of age on crash risk associated with driver distraction. International Journal of Epidemiology, 46(1), 258–265.

35.

Hancock

P. A.

Mouloua

Senders

J. W.

(2009). On the philosophical foundations of the distracted driver and driving distraction. In Regan

M. A.

Lee

J. D.

Young

K. L.

(Eds.), Driver distraction: Theory, effects, and mitigation (pp. 11–30). CRC Press.

36.

(2012). Lane keeping under cognitive distractions: Performance and mechanisms (Unpublished dissertation). University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

37.

Horrey

W. J.

Lesch

M. F.

Mitsopoulos-Rubens

Lee

J. D.

(2015). Calibration of skill and judgment in driving: Development of a conceptual framework and the implications for road safety. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 76, 25–33.

38.

Horrey

W. J.

Simons

D. J.

(2007). Examining cognitive interference and adaptive safety behaviours in tactical vehicle control. Ergonomics, 50(8), 1340–1350.

39.

Horrey

W. J.

Wickens

C. D.

(2006). The impact of cell phone conversation on driving using meta-analytic techniques. Human Factors, 48, 196–205.

40.

Horrey

W. J.

Wickens

C. D.

(2007). In-vehicle glance duration: Distributions, tails, and a model of crash risk. Transportation Research Record, 2018, 22–28.

41.

Huisingh

Griffin

McGwin

(2015). The prevalence of distraction among passenger vehicle drivers: A roadside observational approach. Traffic Injury Prevention, 16, 140–146.

42.

Ioannidis

J. P. A.

(2005). Why most research publications are false. PLoS Medicine, 2(8), e124.

43.

International Standards Organization. (2001). Road vehicles—Measurement of driver visual behaviour with respect to transport information and control systems. Part 2: Equipment and procedures (ISO Committee Standard 15007-2). Geneva, Switzerland: Author.

44.

International Standards Organization. (2002). Road vehicles–Measurement of driver visual behavior with respect to transport information and control systems. Part 1: Definitions and parameters (ISO Committee Standard 15007-1). Geneva, Switzerland: International Standards Organization.

45.

Janitzek

Brenck

Jamson

Carsten

Eksler

(2009). Study on the regulator situation of member states regarding brought-in (i.e. nomadic) devices and their use in vehicles (Report No. SMART 2009/0065). Berlin, Germany: IGES Insitut GmbH.

46.

Kircher

Patten

Ahlström

(2011). Mobile telephones and other communication devices and their impact on traffic safety: A review of the literature (Report No. 729A). Linköping, Sweden: Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute.

47.

Klauer

S. G.

Dingus

D. R.

Neale

T. A.

Sudweeks

Ramsey

D. J.

(2006). The impact of driver inattention on near-crash/crash risk: An analysis using the 100-car naturalistic study data (Report No. DOT HS 810 594). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

48.

Klauer

S. G.

Guo

Simons-Morton

B. G.

Ouimet

M. C.

Lee

S. E.

Dingus

T. A.

(2014). Distracted driving and risk of road crashes among novice and experienced drivers. New England Journal of Medicine, 370, 54–59.

49.

Kuiken

Twisk

(2001). Safe driving and the training of calibration. Leidschendam, Netherlands: SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research.

50.

Lakens

(2013). Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: A practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 1–12.

51.

McCartt

Hellinga

L. A.

Bratiman

K. A.

(2006). Cell phones and driving: Review of research. Traffic Injury Prevention, 7(2), 89–106.

52.

McCartt

Hellinga

L. A.

Strouse

L. M.

Farmer

C. M.

(2010). Long-term effects of handheld cell phone laws on driver handheld cell phone use. Traffic Injury Prevention, 11, 133–141.

53.

McCartt

A. T.

Kidd

D. G.

Teoh

E. R.

(2014). Driver cellphone and texting bans in the United States: Evidence of effectiveness. Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine, 58, 99–114.

54.

McEvoy

S. P.

Stevenson

M. R.

McCartt

A. T.

Woodward

Haworth

Palamara

Cercarelli

(2005). Role of mobile phones in motor vehicle crashes resulting in hospital attendance: A case-crossover study. BMJ, 331, 428–430.

55.

Michon

J. A.

(1985). A critical review of driver behavior models: What do we know, what should we do? In Evans

Schwing

R. C.

(Eds.), Human behavior and traffic safety (pp. 485–520). New York, NY: Plenum Press.

56.

Moher

Liberati

Tetzlaff

Altman

D. G.

& PRISMA Group. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis: The PRISMA statement. BMJ, 339, b253.

57.

Moser

B. K.

Stevens

G. R.

(1992). Homogeneity of variance in the two-sample means test. American Statistics, 46, 19–21.

58.

Murad

M. H.

Montori

V. M.

Ioannidis

J. P.

Jaeschke

Devereaux

P. J.

Prasad

Neumann

Carrasco-Labra

Agoritsas

Hatala

Meade

M. O.

Wyer

Cook

D. J.

Guyatt

(2014). How to read a systematic review and meta-analysis and apply the results to patient care. Journal of the American Medical Association, 312(2), 171–179.

59.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2013). Visual-manual NHTSA driver distraction guidelines for in-vehicle electronic devices (Docket No. NHTSA-2010-0053). Washington, DC: Author.

60.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2015). Traffic safety facts: Distracted driving 2013 (Report No. DOT-HS-812-132). Washington, DC: Author.

61.

National Safety Council. (2013). Crashes involving cell phones: Challenges of collecting and reporting reliable crash data. Itasca, IL: Author.

62.

National Safety Council. (2017). Undercounted is underinvested: How incomplete crash reports impact efforts to save lives. Itasca, IL: Author.

63.

Ohlhauser

Boyle

L. N.

Marshall

Ahmad

(2011). Drivers’ behavior through a yellow light: Effects of distraction and age. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 55th Annual Meeting (pp. 1919–1923). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.

64.

Open Science Collaboration. (2015). Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science, 349(6251), 4716.

65.

Ouimet

M. C.

Pradhan

A. K.

Brooks-Russell

Ehsani

J. P.

Berbiche

Simons-Morton

B. G.

(2015). Young drivers and their passengers: A systematic review of epidemiological studies on crash risk. Journal of Adolescent Health, 57, S24–S35.

66.

Phillips

R. O.

Ullberg

Vaa

(2011). Meta-analysis of the effect of road safety campaigns on accidents. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 43, 1204–1218.

67.

Pickrell

T. M.

(2016). Driver electronic device use in 2015. Traffic safety facts: Research (Note DOT HS 812 326). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

68.

Pless

(2014). Mobile phones and driving. BMJ, 348, 1193.

69.

Ranney

T. A.

(2008). Driver distraction: A review of the current state-of-knowledge (Report No. DOT HS 810 787). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

70.

Recarte

M. A.

Nunes

L. M.

(2003). Mental workload while driving: Effects on visual search, discrimination, and decision making. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 9(2), 119–137.

71.

Redelmeier

D. A.

Tibshirani

R. J.

(1997). Association between cellular telephone calls and motor vehicle collisions. New England Journal of Medicine, 336, 453–458.

72.

Reimer

Mehler

Coughlin

J. E.

Roy

Dusek

J. A.

(2011). The impact of a naturalistic hands-free cellular phone task on heart rate and simulated driving performance in two age groups. Transportation Research: Part F, 14, 13–25.

73.

Rosenthal

DiMatteo

M. R.

(2001). Meta-analysis: Recent developments in quantitative methods for literature reviews. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 59–82.

74.

Sayer

J. R.

Devonshire

J. M.

Flannagan

C. A.

(2005). The effects of secondary tasks on naturalistic driver performance (Report No. UMTRI-2005-29). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.

75.

Schroeder

Meyers

Kostyniuk

(2013). National survey on distracted driving attitudes and behaviors—2012 (Report No. DOT HS 811 729). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

76.

Schmidt

Hunter

(Eds.). (2015). Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

77.

Shojania

K. G.

Sampson

Ansari

M. T.

Doucette

Moher

(2007). How quickly do systematic reviews go out of date? A survival analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine, 147, 224–233.

78.

Simmons

Caird

J. K.

Steel

(2017). A meta-analysis of in-vehicle and nomadic voice recognition system interaction and driving performance. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 106, 31–43.

79.

Simmons

Hicks

Caird

J. K.

(2016). Safety critical events associated with cell phone distraction tasks as measured through naturalistic studies: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 87, 161–169.

80.

Simons-Morton

B. G.

Guo.

Klauer

S. G.

Ehsani

J. P.

Pradhan

A. K.

(2014). Keep your eyes on the road: Young driver crash risk increases according to the duration of distraction. Journal of Adolescent Health, 54, S61–S67.

81.

Simons-Morton

B. G.

Lerner

Singer

(2005). The observed effects of teenage passengers on the risky behavior of teenage passengers. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 37, 973–982.

82.

Society of Automotive Engineers. (2000). Definition and measures related to the specification of driver behavior using video-based techniques (SAE Recommended Practice J2364). Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

83.

Society of Automotive Engineers. (2015). Operational definitions of driving performance measures and statistics (Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J2944). Warrendale, PA: SAE.

84.

Stavrinos

Jones

J. L.

Garner

A. A.

Griffin

Franklin

C. A.

Ball

Welburn

S. C.

Ball

K. K.

Sisiopiku

V. P.

Fine

P. R.

(2013). Impact of distracted driving on safety and traffic flow. Accident, Analysis and Prevention, 61, 63–70.

85.

Steel

(2014). Meta-excel. Retrieved from https://d2l.ucalgary.ca/d2l/le/content/120793/viewContent/1830025/View

86.

Stutts

Feaganes

Reinfurt

Rodgman

Hamlett

Gish

Staplin

(2005). Driver’s exposure to distractions in their natural driving environment. Accident, Analysis and Prevention, 37, 1093–1101.

87.

Stutts

Reinfurt

Staplin

Rodgman

(2001). The role of driver distraction in traffic crashes. Washington, DC: AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety.

88.

Summala

Nieminen

Punto

(1996). Maintaining lane position with peripheral vision during in-vehicle tasks. Human Factors, 38, 442–451.

89.

Tivesten

Dozza

(2014). Driving context and visual-manual phone tasks influence glance behavior in naturalistic driving. Transportation Research: Part F, 26, 258–272.

90.

Trick

L. M.

Enns

J. T.

Mills

Varvik

(2004). Paying attention behind the wheel: A framework for studying the role of attention in driving. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomic Science, 5(5), 385–424.

91.

White

Caird

J. K.

(2010). The blind date: The effects of change blindness, passenger conversation and gender on looked-but-failed-to-see (LBFTS) errors. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 42, 1822–1830.

92.

Whitener

E. M.

(1990). Confusion of confidence intervals and credibility intervals in meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 315–321.

93.

Wickens

C. D.

Gutzwiller

R. S.

Santamaria

(2015). Discrete task switching in overload: A meta-analyses and a model. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 79, 79–84.

94.

Williams

A. F.

Ali

Shults

R. A.

(2010). The contribution of fatal crashes involving teens transporting teens. Traffic Injury Prevention, 11, 567–572.

95.

Williams

A. G.

West

B. A.

Shults

R. A.

(2012). Fatal crashes of 16- to 17-year-old drivers involving alcohol, nighttime driving, and passengers. Traffic Injury Prevention, 13, 1–6.

96.

World Health Organization. (2011). Mobile phone use: A growing problem of driver distraction. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.

97.

World Health Organization. (2015). Global status report on road safety 2015. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.

98.

Xiong

Narayanaswamy

Bao

Flannagan

Sayer

(2016). How do drivers behave during indecision zone maneuvers? Accident Analysis & Prevention, 96, 274–279.

99.

Ålm

Nilsson

(1995). The effects of mobile telephone task on driver behaviour in a car following situation. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 27(5), 707–715.

100.

Al-Tarawneh

B. S.

Cohen

W. J.

Trachtman

Krauss

D. A.

Bishu

R. R.

(2004). The effect of hands-free cellular telephone conversation complexity on choice response time in a detection task. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 48th Annual Meeting (pp. 2223–2227) Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.

101.

Amado

Ulupinar

(2005). The effects of conversation on attention and peripheral detection: Is talking with a passenger and talking on the cell phone different? Transportation Research: Part F, 8, 383–395.

102.

Atchley

Chan

(2011). Potential benefits and costs of concurrent task engagement to maintain vigilance: A driving simulator study. Human Factors, 53, 3–12.

103.

Beede

K. E.

Kass

S. J.

(2005). Engrossed in conversation: The impact of cell phones on simulated driving performance. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 38(2), 415–421.

104.

Bellinger

D. B.

Buddle

B. M.

Machida

Richardson

G. B.

Berg

W. P.

(2009). The effect of cellular telephone conversation and music listening on response time in braking. Transportation Research: Part F, 12, 441–451.

105.

Benedetto

Calvi

D’Amico

(2012). Effects of mobile telephone tasks on driving performance: A driving simulator study. Advances in Transportation Studies, A26, 29–44.

106.

Berg

W. P.

Dessecker

D. J.

(2013). Evidence of unconscious motor adaptation to cognitive and auditory distraction. Adaptive Behavior, 21(5), 346–355.

107.

Briggs

G. F.

Hole

G. J.

Land

M. F.

(2011). Emotionally involving telephone conversations lead to driver error and visual tunnelling. Transportation Research: Part F, 14, 313–323.

108.

Bruyas

M.-P.

Brusque

Debailleux

Duraz

Aillerie

(2009). Does making a conversation asynchronous reduce the negative impact of phone call on driving? Transportation Research: Part F, 12, 12–20.

109.

Burns

P. C.

Parkes

Burton

Smith

R. K.

Burch

(2002). How dangerous is driving with a mobile phone? Benchmarking the impairment to alcohol (Technical Report No. TRL 547). Crowthorne, UK: Transport Research Laboratory.

110.

Cao

Liu

(2013). Gender factor in lane keeping and speech comprehension dual tasks. Proceedings of the 50th Annual Human Factors and Ergonomics Meeting (pp. 1909–1913). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.

111.

Charlton

S. G.

(2009). Driving while conversing: Cell phones that distract and passengers who react. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 41, 160–173.

112.

Chisholm

Caird

J. K.

Teteris

Lockhart

Smiley

(2006). Novice and experienced driver performance with cell phones. Proceedings of the 50th Annual Human Factors and Ergonomics Meeting (pp. 2354–2358). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.

113.

Chong

Mirchi

Silva

H. I.

Strybel

(2014). Novice and experienced driver performance with cell phones. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 58th Annual Meeting (pp. 2180–2184). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.

114.

Cole

(2010). Examining whether mental resource competition causes spatial cell phone conversations to impair driving (Unpublished PhD thesis). Texas Tech University, Lubbock.

115.

Collet

Clarion

Morel

Chapon

Petit

(2009). Physiological and behavioural changes associated to the management of secondary tasks while driving. Applied Ergonomics, 40, 1041–1046.

116.

Consiglio

Driscoll

Witte

Berg

W. P.

(2003). Effect of cellular telephone conversations and other potential interference on reaction time in a braking response. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 325, 495–500.

117.

Cooper

J. M.

Medeiros-Ward

Strayer

D. L.

(2013). The impact of eye movements and cognitive workload on lateral position variability. Human Factors, 55, 1001–1014.

118.

Cooper

J. M.

Strayer

D. L.

(2008). Effects of simulator practice and real-world experience on cell-phone–related driver distraction. Human Factors, 50, 893–902.

119.

Cooper

J. M.

Vladisavljevic

Medeiros-Ward

Martin

P. T.

Strayer

D. L.

(2009). An investigation of driver distraction near the tipping point of traffic flow stability. Human Factors, 51, 261–268.

120.

Cooper

P. J.

Zheng

Richard

Vavrik

Heinrichs

Siegmund

(2003). The impact of hands-free message reception/response on driving task performance. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 35, 23–35.

121.

Crisler

M. C.

Brooks

J. O.

Ogle

J. H.

Guirl

C. D.

Alluri

Dixon

K. K.

(2008). Effect of wireless communication and entertainment devices on simulated driving performance. Transportation Research Record 2069, 48–54.

122.

D’Addario

P. M. D.

Donmez

Ising

K. W.

(2014). EMG provides an earlier glimpse into the effects of cognitive distraction on brake motor response. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 58th Annual Meeting (pp. 2200–2204). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.

123.

Drews

F. A.

Pasupathi

Strayer (2008). Passenger and cell phone conversation in simulated driving. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 14(4), 392–400.

124.

Dula

C. S.

Martin

B. A.

Fox

R. T.

Leonard

R. L.

(2011). Differing types of cellular phone conversations and dangerous driving. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 43, 187–193.

125.

Ferlazzo

Fagioli

Di Nocera

Sdoia

(2008). Shifting attention across near and far spaces: Implications for the use of hands-free cell phones while driving. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 40, 1859–1864.

126.

Garrison

T. M.

Williams

C. C.

(2013). Impact of relevance and distraction on driving performance and visual attention in a simulated driving environment. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 27, 396–405.

127.

Gasper

J. G.

Street

W. M.

Windsor

M. B.

Carbonari

Kaxzmarski

Kramer

A. F.

Mathewson

K. E.

(2013). Providing conversation partners views of the driving scene mitigates cell phone-related distraction. Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (pp. 1209–1213). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.

128.

Graham

Carter

(2001). Voice dialling can reduce the interference between concurrent tasks of driving and phoning. International Journal of Vehicle Design, 26(1), 30–47.

129.

Gugerty

Rakauskas

Brooks

(2004). Effects of remote and in-person verbal interactions on verbalization rates and attention to dynamic spatial scenes. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 36, 1029–1043.

130.

Hagiwara

Kamada

Suzuki

(2014). Effect of multiple resource competition on driving performance using an in-vehicle information system. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 58th Annual Meeting (pp. 1395–1399). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.

131.

Harbluk

J. L.

Noy

Y. I.

Trbovich

P. L.

Eizenman

(2007). An on-road assessment of cognitive distraction: Impacts on drivers’ visual behavior and braking performance. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 39, 372–379.

132.

(2012). Lane keeping under cognitive distractions: Performance and mechanisms (Unpublished dissertation). University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

133.

Heenan

Herdman

C. M.

Brown

M. S.

Robert

(2014). Effects of conversation on situation awareness and working memory in simulated driving. Human Factors, 56, 1077–1092.

134.

Hendrick

J. L.

Switzer

J. R.

(2007). Hands-free versus hand-held cell phone conversation on braking response in young drivers. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 105, 514–522.

135.

Horberry

Anderson

Regan

M. A.

Triggs

Y. J.

Brown

(2006). Driver distraction: The effects of concurrent in-vehicle tasks, road environment complexity and age on driving performance. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 38(1), 185–191.

136.

Horrey

W. J.

Lesch

M. F.

Garabet

(2008). Assessing the awareness of performance decrements in distracted drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 40, 675–682.

137.

Horrey

W. J.

Lesch

M. F.

Garabet

(2009). Dissociation between driving performance and drivers’ subjective estimates of performance and workload in dual-task conditions. Journal of Safety Research, 40, 7–12.

138.

Horrey

W. J.

Simons

D. J.

(2007). Examining cognitive interference and adaptive safety behaviours in tactical vehicle control. Ergonomics, 50(8), 1340–1350.

139.

Horswill

M. S.

McKenna

F. P.

(1999). The effect of interference on dynamic risk-taking judgments. British Journal of Psychology, 90, 189–199.

140.

Hunton

Rose

J. M.

(2005). Cellular telephones and driving performance: The effects of attentional demands on motor vehicle crash risk. Risk Analysis, 25(4), 855–866.

141.

Irwin

Fitzgerald

Berg

W. P.

(2000). Effect of the intensity of wireless telephone conversations on reaction time in a braking response. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 90, 1130–1134.

142.

Ishida

Matsuura

(2001). The effect of cellular phone use on driving performance. IATSS Research, 25(2), 6–14.

143.

Janssen

C. P.

Iqbal

S. T.

Y.-C.

(2014). Sharing a driver’s context with a caller via continuous audio cues to increase awareness about driver state. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 20(3), 270–284.

144.

Jenness

J. W.

Lattanzio

R. J.

O’Toole

Taylor

Pax

(2002). Effects of manual versus voice activated dialing during simulated driving. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 94, 363–379.

145.

Kass

S. J.

Cole

K. S.

Stanny

C. J.

(2007). Effects of distraction and experience on situation awareness and simulated driving. Transportation Research: Part F, 10, 321–329.

146.

Kircher

Vogel

Tornros

Bolling

Nilsson

Patten

(2004). Mobile telephone simulator study (Report No. 969A). Linköping, Sweden: Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute.

147.

Knapper

Hagenzieker

Brookhuis

(2014). Do in-car devices affect experienced users’ driving performance? IATSS Research, 39, 72–78.

148.

Kubose

T. T.

Bock

Dell

G. S.

Garnsey

S. M.

Kramer

A. F.

Mayhugh

(2006). The effects of speech production and speech comprehension on simulated driving performance. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20, 43–63.

149.

Kun

A. L.

Shyrokov

Heeman

P. A.

(2013). Interactions between human-human multi-threaded dialogues and driving. Personal Ubiquitous Computing, 17, 825–834.

150.

Laberge

Scialfa

White

Caird

J. K.

(2004). The effect of passenger and cellular phone conversations on driver distraction. Transportation Research Record, 1899, 109–116.

151.

Lamble

Kauranen

Laakso

Summala

(1999). Cognitive load and detection thresholds in car following situations: Safety implications for using mobile (cellular) telephones while driving. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 31, 617–623.

152.

Leung

Croft

R. J.

Jackson

M. L.

Howard

McKenzie

R. J.

(2012). A comparison of the effect of mobile phone use and alcohol consumption on driving performance. Traffic Injury Prevention, 13, 566–574.

153.

Libby

Chaparro

(2013). Distracted while driving: A comparison of the effects of texting and talking on a cell phone. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics 57th Annual Meeting (pp. 1874–1878). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.

154.

Lin

C. J.

Chen

H. J.

(2006). Driving while using hands-free phones. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 103, 803–810.

155.

Liu

B.-S.

Lee

Y.-H.

(2006). In-vehicle workload assessment: Effects of traffic situations and cellular telephone use. Journal of Safety Research, 37(1), 99–105.

156.

Maciej

Vollrath

(2009). Comparison of manual vs. speech-based interaction with in-vehicle information systems. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 41, 924–930.

157.

MacKenzie

K. J.

(2011). An examination of the effects of videophones on driving and conversation performance (Unpublished MA thesis). University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.

158.

McCarley

J. S.

Vais

M. J.

Pringle

Kramer

A. F.

Irwin

D. E.

Strayer

D. L.

(2004). Conversation disrupts change detection in complex traffic scenes. Human Factors, 46, 423–436.

159.

McPhee

Scialfa

Dennis

Caird

J. K.

(2004). Age differences in visual search for traffic signs during a simulated conversation. Human Factors, 46, 674–685.

160.

Mohebbi

Gray

Tan

H. Z.

(2009). Driver reaction time to tactile and auditory rear-end collision warnings while talking on a cell phone. Human Factors, 51, 102–110.

161.

Muttart

J. W.

Fisher

D. L.

Knodler

Pollatsek

(2007). Driving simulator evaluation of driver performance during hands-free cell phone operation in a work zone: Driving without a clue. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.

162.

Narad

Garner

A. A.

Brasselll

A. A.

Saxby

Antonini

T. N.

O’Brien

K. M.

Tamm

Matthews

Epstein

J. N.

(2013). Impact of distraction on the driving performance of adolescents with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. JAMA Pediatrics, 167(10), 933–938.

163.

Neubauer

Matthews

Saxby

(2012). The effects of cell phone use and automation on driver performance and subjective state in simulated driving. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 56th Annual Meeting (pp. 1987–1991). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.

164.

Neubauer

Matthews

Saxby

(2014). Fatigue in the automated vehicle: Do games and conversation distract or energize the driver. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 58th Annual Meeting (pp. 2053–2057). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.

165.

Parkes

A. M.

Hööijmeijer

(2001). Driver situation awareness and car phone use. Proceedings of the First Human-Centered Transportation Simulation Conference. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa.

166.

Patten

C. J. D.

Kircher

Östlund

Nilsson

(2004). Using mobile telephones: Cognitive workload and attention research allocation. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 36, 341–350.

167.

Rakauskas

M. E.

Ward

N. J.

Boer

E. R.

Bernat

E. M.

Cadwallader

Patrick

C. J.

(2008). Combined effects of alcohol and distraction on driver performance. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 40, 1741–1749.

168.

Ranney

T. A.

Baldwin

Parmer

Martin

Mazzae

E. N.

(2011). Distraction effects of manual number and text entry while driving (Report No. DOT HS 811 510). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

169.

Ranney

Watson

Mazzae

E. N.

Papelis

Y. E.

Ahmad

Wightman

J. R.

(2005). Examination of the distraction effects of wireless phone interfaces using the National Advanced Driving Simulator—Final report on freeway study (Report No. DOT 809 737). East Liberty, OH: National Highway Transportation Safety Administration.

170.

Recarte

M. A.

Nunes

L. M.

(2000). Effects of verbal and spatial imagery tasks on eye fixations while driving. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 6, 31–43.

171.

Recarte

M. A.

Nunes

L. M.

(2003). Mental workload while driving: Effects on visual search, discrimination, and decision making. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 9(2), 119–137.

172.

Reimer

Mehler

Coughlin

J. E.

Roy

Dusek

J. A.

(2011). The impact of a naturalistic hands-free cellular phone task on heart rate and simulated driving performance in two age groups. Transportation Research: Part F, 14, 13–25.

173.

Reimer

Mehler

D’Ambrosio

L. A.

Fried

(2010). The impact of distractions on young adult drivers with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Accident Analysis and Prevention, 42, 842–851.

174.

Reimer

Mehler

Wang

Coughlin

J. F.

(2012). The impact of systematic variation of cognitive demand on drivers’ visual attention across multiple age groups. Human Factors, 54, 454–468.

175.

Rubins

(2008). Mitigating cell phone-induced distraction. Los Angeles, CA: Brainstorm Technologies.

176.

Salvucci

D. D.

Macuga

K. L.

(2002). Predicting the effects of cellular-phone dialing on driver performance. Cognitive Systems Research, 2, 95–102.

177.

Schneider

Kiesler

(2005). Calling while driving: Effects of providing remote traffic context. Proceedings of ACM SIGCHI 2005 (pp. 561–569). New York, NY: ACM.

178.

Schreiner

(2006). The effect of phone interface and dialing method on simulated driving performance and user preference. Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (pp. 2359–2363). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.

179.

Schreiner

Blanco

Hankey

J. M.

(2004). Investigating the effect of performing voice recognition tasks on the detection of forward and peripheral events. Proceedings of the 48th Annual Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Conference (pp. 2354–2358). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.

180.

Shinar

Tractinsky

Compton

(2005). Effects of practice, age, and task demands on interference from a phone task while driving. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 37, 315–326.

181.

Stavrinos

Garner

A. A.

Franklin

C. A.

Johnson

H. D.

Welburn

S. C.

Griffin

Underhill

A. T.

Fine

P. R.

(2015). Distracted driving in teens with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 30, e183–e191.

182.

Stavrinos

Jones

J. L.

Garner

A. A.

Griffin

Franklin

C. A.

Ball

Welburn

S. C.

Ball

K. K.

Sisiopiku

V. P.

Fine

P. R.

(2013). Impact of distracted driving on safety and traffic flow. Accident, Analysis and Prevention, 61, 63–70.

183.

Strayer

D. L.

Drews

F. A.

(2004). Profiles in driver distraction: Effects of cell phone conversations on younger and older drivers. Human Factors, 46, 640–649.

184.

Strayer

D. L.

Drews

F. A.

Johnston

W. A.

(2003). Cell phone-induced failures of attention during simulated driving. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 9(1), 23–32.

185.

Strayer

D. L.

Turrill

Cooper

J. M.

Coleman

J. R.

Medeiros-Ward

Biondi

(2015). Assessing cognitive distraction in the automobile. Human Factors, 57, 1300–1324.

186.

Telner

J. A.

Wiesenthal

D. L.

Bialystok

(2009). Video gamer advantages in a cellular telephone driving task. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 53rd Annual Meeting (pp. 1748–1752). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.

187.

Telner

J. A.

Wiesenthal

D. L.

Bialystok

York

(2008). Is there a bilingual advantage when driving and speaking over a cellular telephone? Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 53rd Annual Meeting (pp. 1748–1752). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.

188.

Tokunaga

R. A.

Hagiwara

Kagaya

Shimojyo

(2000). Cellular telephone conversation while driving: Effects on driver reaction time and subjective mental workload. Transportation Research Record, 1724, 1–6.

189.

Tractinsky

Ram

E. S.

Shinar

(2013). To call or not to call—That is the question (while driving). Accident Analysis and Prevention, 56, 59–80.

190.

Woo

T. H.

Lin

(2001). Influence of mobile phone use while driving. IATSS Research, 25(2), 15–19.

191.

Zheng

A. S.

McConkie

G. W.

Simons

D. J.

(2005). Effects of verbal and spatial-imagery tasks on drivers’ situation awareness of traffic information. Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (pp. 1999–2203). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.

Does Talking on a Cell Phone,With a Passenger,or Dialing Affect Driving Performance? An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Experimental Studies

Abstract

Objective

Background

Method

Results

Conclusion

Application

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References