This article reviews the current research-based knowledge on nonpharmacological interventions for students with ADD and highlights findings related to behavior management, academic instruction, home-school collaboration, and comprehensive programming. The literature on educationally relevant interventions is exploratory, not prescriptive; and findings are inconsistent. Investigators have tested relatively few interventions that speak to the day-to-day issues teachers face or to the larger issues related to developing comprehensive educational programs for these students.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AbikoffH. (1987). An evaluation of cognitive behavior therapy for hyperactive children. In LaheyB. & KazdinA. (Eds.), Advances in clinical child psychology (Vol. 10, pp. 171–216). New York: Plenum.
2.
AbikoffH. (1991). Cognitive training in ADHD children: Less to it than meets the eye. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 24, 205–209.
3.
AbramowitzA. J.EckstrandD.O'LearyS. G., & DulcanM. K. (1992). ADHD children's responses to stimulant medication and two intensities of a behavioral intervention. Behavior Modification, 16, 193–203.
4.
AbramowitzA. J., & O'LearyS. G. (1990). Effectiveness of delayed punishment in an applied setting. Behavior Therapy, 21, 231–239.
5.
AbramowitzA. J.O'LearyS. G., & FuttersakM. W. (1988). The relative impact of long and short reprimands on children's off-task behavior in the classroom. Behavior Therapy, 19, 243–247.
6.
AbramowitzA. J.O'LearyS. G., & RosénL. A. (1987). Reducing off-task behavior in the classroom: A comparison of encouragement and reprimands. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 15, 155–163.
7.
AyllonT.LaymanD., & KandelH. J. (1975). A behavioral-educational alternative to drug control of hyperactive children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 8, 137–146.
8.
BarkleyR. A. (1990). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. New York: Guilford Press.
9.
BarkleyR. A.GuevremontD. C.AnastopoulosA. D., & FletcherK. E. (1992). A comparison of three family therapy programs for treating family conflicts in adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 450–462.
10.
BloomquistM. L.AugustG. J., & OstranderR. (1991). Effects of a school-based cognitive-behavior intervention for ADHD children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 19, 591–605.
11.
BordenK. A.BrownR. T.WynneM. E., & SchleserR. (1987). Piagetian conservation and response to cognitive therapy in attention deficit disordered children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 28, 755–764.
12.
BrownR. T.BordenK. A.WynneM. E.SchleserR., & ClingermanS. R. (1986). Methylphenidate and cognitive therapy with ADD children: A methodological reconsideration. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 14, 481–497.
13.
BrownR. T.WynneM. E.BordenK. A.ClingermanS. R.GeniesseR., & SpuntA. L. (1986). Methylphenidate and cognitive therapy in children with attention deficit disorder: A double-blind trial. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 7, 163–170.
14.
BrownR. T.WynneM. E., & MedenisR. (1985). Methylphenidate and cognitive therapy: A comparison of treatment approaches with hyperactive boys. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 13, 69–87.
15.
ConteR.KinsbourneM.SwansonJ.ZirkH., & SamuelsM. (1987). Presentation rate effects on paired associate learning by attention deficit disordered children. Child Development, 57, 681–687.
16.
CruickshankW. M.BentzenF. A.RatzeburgF. H., & TannhauserM. T. (1961). A teaching method for brain-injured and hyperactive children. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
17.
DouglasV. I., & ParryP. A. (1983). Effects of reward on delayed reaction time task performance of hyperactive children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 11, 313–326.
18.
DouglasV. I.ParryP.MartonP., & GarsonC. (1976). Assessment of a cognitive training program for hyperactive children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 4, 389–410.
19.
DuPaulG. J.GuevremontD. C., & BarkleyR. A. (1992). Behavioral treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in the classroom: The use of the Attention Training System. Behavior Modification, 16, 204–225.
20.
ErhardtD., & BakerB. L. (1990). The effects of behavioral parent training of families with young hyperactive children. Journal of Behavior Therapy & Experimental Psychiatry, 21, 121–132.
21.
FirestoneP.KellyM. J.GoodmanJ. T., & DaveyJ. (1981). Differential effects of parent training and stimulant medication with hyperactives. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 20, 135–142.
22.
FriedlingC., & O'LearyS. G. (1979). Effects of self-instructional training on second- and third-grade hyperactive children: A failure to replicate. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 12, 211–219.
23.
FuttersakM. W. (1988). The effects of consistently strong and increasingly strong reprimands in the classroom. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, State University of New York at Stony Brook.
24.
Gittelman-KleinR.KleinD. F.AbikoffH.KatzS.GloistenA. C., & KatesW. (1976). Relative efficacy of methylphenidate and behavior modification in hyperkinetic children: An interim report. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 4, 361–379.
25.
GoldsteinS., & GoldsteinM. (1990). Managing attention disorders in children. New York: Wiley.
26.
GordonM.ThomasonD.CooperS., & IversC. L. (1991). Nonmedical treatment of ADHD/hyperactivity: The Attention Training System. Journal of School Psychology, 29, 151–159.
27.
GuevremontD. C.TishelmanA. C., & HullD. B. (1985). Teaching generalized self-control to attention-deficient boys with mothers as adjunct therapists. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 7, 23–37.
28.
HallC. W., & KatariaS. (1992). Effects of two treatment techniques on delay and vigilance tasks with attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) children. The Journal of Psychology, 126, 17–25.
29.
HinshawS. P., & ErhardtD. (1991). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. In KendallP. C. (Ed.), Child and adolescent therapy: Cognitive-behavioral procedures (pp. 98–128). New York: Guilford Press.
30.
HinshawS. P.HenkerB., & WhalenC. (1984). Cognitive-behavioral and pharmacologic interventions for hyperactive boys: Comparative and combined effects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 739–740.
31.
HinshawS. P., & MelnickS. (1992). Self-management therapies and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder Reinforced self-evaluation and anger control interventions. Behavior Modification, 16, 253–273.
32.
HornW. F.IalongoN.GreenbergG.PackardT., & Smith-WinberryC. (1990). Additive effects of behavioral parent training and self-control therapy with attention deficit hyperactivity disordered children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19, 57–68.
33.
HornW. F.IalongoN.PopovichS., & PeradottoD. (1987). Behavioral parent training and cognitive-behavioral self-control therapy with ADD-H children: Comparative and combined effects. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 16, 57–68.
34.
HozaB.PelhamW. E.SamsS. E., & CarlsonC. (1992). An examination of the “dosage” effects of both behavior therapy and methylphenidate on the classroom performance of two ADHD children. Behavior Modification, 16, 164–192.
35.
KendallP. C., & BraswellL. (1982). Cognitive-behavioral self-control therapy for children: A components analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50, 672–689.
36.
O'LearyK. D.PelhamW. E.RosenbaumA., & PriceG. H. (1976). Behavioral treatment of hyperkinetic children: An experimental evaluation of its usefulness. Clinical Pediatrics, 15, 510–515.
37.
PaniaguaF. A. (1992). Verbal-nonverbal correspondence training with ADHD children. Behavior Modification, 16, 226–252.
38.
PaniaguaF. A.MorrisonP. B., & BlackS. A. (1990). Management of a hyperactive-conduct disordered child through correspondence training: A preliminary study. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 21, 63–68.
39.
PelhamW. E.MilichR., & WalkerJ. L. (1986). Effects of continuous and partial reinforcement and methylphenidate on learning in children with attention deficit disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 319–325.
40.
PelhamW. E.SchnedlerR. W.BolognaN. C., & ContrerasJ. A. (1980). Behavioral and stimulant treatment of hyperactive children: A therapy study with methylphenidate probes in a within-subject design. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 13, 221–236.
41.
PistermanS.FirestoneP.McGrathP.GoodmanJ. T.WebsterI.MalloryR., & GoffinB. (1992). The effects of parent training on parenting stress and sense of competence. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 24, 41–58.
42.
PistermanS.McGrathP.FirestoneP.GoodmanJ. T.WebsterI., & MalloryR. (1989). Outcome of parent-mediated treatment of preschoolers with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 628–635.
43.
PollardS.WardE. M., & BarkleyR. A. (1983). The effects of parent training and Ritalin on the parent-child interactions of hyperactive boys. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 5, 51–69.
44.
RapportM. D.MurphyA., & BaileyJ. S. (1980). The effects of a response-cost treatment tactic on hyperactive children. Journal of School Psychology, 18, 98–111.
45.
RapportM. D.MurphyH. A., & BaileyJ. S. (1982). Ritalin vs. response-cost in the control of hyperactive children: A within-subject comparison. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 15, 205–216.
46.
RosenbaumA.O'LearyK. D., & JacobR. G. (1975). Behavioral intervention with hyperactive children: Group consequences as a supplement to individual contingencies. Behavior Therapy, 6, 315–323.
47.
ShroyerC., & ZentallS. S. (1986). Effects of rate, nonrelevant information, and repetition on the listening comprehension of hyperactive children. The Journal of Special Education, 20, 231–239.
48.
StrayhornJ. M., & WeidmanC. S. (1989). Reduction of attention deficit and internalizing symptoms in preschoolers through parent-child interaction training. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 888–896.
49.
StrayhornJ. M., & WeidmanC. S. (1991). Follow-up one year after parent-child interaction training: Effects on behavior of preschool children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 138–143.
50.
SullivanM. A., & O'LearyS. G. (1990). Maintenance following reward and cost token programs. Behavior Therapy, 21, 139–149.
51.
ThurstonL. P. (1979). Comparison of the effects of parent training and of Ritalin in treating hyperactive children. International Journal of Mental Health, 8, 121–128.
52.
WorlandJ. (1976). Effects of positive and negative feedback on behavior control in hyperactive and normal boys. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 4, 315–326.
53.
ZentallS. S. (1985). Stimulus-control factors in search performance in hyperactive children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 18, 480–485.
54.
ZentallS. S. (1989). Attentional cuing in spelling tasks for hyperactive and comparison regular classroom children. The Journal of Special Education, 23, 83–93.
55.
ZentallS. S.FalkenbergS. D., & SmithL. B. (1985). Effects of color stimulation and information on the copying performance of attention-problem adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 13, 501–511.
56.
ZentallS. S., & GohsD. E. (1984). Hyperactive and comparison children's response to detailed vs. global cues in communication tasks. Learning Disability Quarterly, 7, 77–87.
57.
ZentallS. S., & MeyerM. J. (1987). Self-regulation of stimulation for ADD-H children during reading and vigilance task performance. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 15, 519–536.
