Creativity and Intelligence: Research Implications for Equal Emphasis in High School

Abstract

The possible relationships among creativity, intelligence, and self actualization were examined in 208 high school students to determine whether or not consistent self actualization scores existed for subjects high in the first two variables. Students high in both creativity and intelligence had significantly higher scores in self actualization than those obtained by students high in either creativity or intelligence. No significant difference in self actualization was found between students high in creativity only and those high in intelligence only. The results were interpreted as indicating that educational systems should stress both intellectual and creative abilities to achieve the highest level of psychological well being in students.

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Arnold

J. E.

The generalist versus the specialist in research and development. In MacKinnon

D. W.

(Ed.), The creative person. Berkeley, Cal.: University of California General Extension, 1962. Pp. IX-IX-13.

Barron

Creativity and psychological health. New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1963.

Blatt

S. J.

An attempt to define mental health.

Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1964, 28, 146–153.

Cattell

R. B.

, & Butcher

H. J.

The prediction of achievement and creativity. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1968.

Drevdahl

J. E.

, & Cattell

R. B.

Personality and creativity in artists and writers.

Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1958, 14, 107–111.

Fromm

The creative attitude. In Anderson

H. H.

(Ed.), Creativity, and its cultivation. New York: Harper & Row, 1959. Pp. 44–54.

Gerber

B. W.

A study of the relationship between psychological health and creativity.

Dissertation Abstracts, 1965, 15(10), 5733.

Ghiselin

Ultimate criteria for two levels of creativity. In Taylor

C. W.

, & Barron

(Eds.), Scientific creativity: Its recognition and development. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1963. Pp. 30–43.

Goldstein

The organism. New York: American Book Co., 1939.

10.

MacKinnon

D. W.

Creativity and images of the self. In White

R. W.

(Ed.), The study of lives. New York: Atherton Press, 1963. Pp. 250–278.

11.

Maslow

A. H.

Toward a psychology of being. New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1962.

12.

May

The nature of creativity. In Anderson

H. H.

(Ed.), Creativity and its cultivation. New York: Harper & Row, 1959. Pp. 55–68.

13.

May

, Angel

, & Ellenberger

Existence. New York: Basic Books, 1958.

14.

Mednick

S. A.

, & Mednick

M. T.

Examiner's manual: Remote Associates Test. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967.

15.

Neill

A. S.

Summerhill: A radical approach to child rearing. New York: Hart Publishing, 1960.

16.

Perls

Ego, hunger and aggression. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1947.

17.

Roe

Psychological approaches to creativity in science. In Coler

M. A.

(Ed.), Essays on creativity in the sciences. New York: New York University Press, 1963. Pp. 153–182.

18.

Rogers

C. R.

On becoming a person. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1961.

19.

Shostrom

E. L.

EITS manual for the personal orientation inventory. San Diego, Cal.: Educational & Industrial Testing Service, 1966.

20.

Sullivan

E. T.

, Clark

W. W.

, & Tiegs

E. W.

Manual: California Test of Mental Maturity, 1957 edition, advanced (grades 10 to adult). Los Angeles, Cal.: California Test Bureau, 1957.

21.

Taylor

C. W.

, & Ellison

R. L.

Predicting creative performances from multiple measures. In Taylor

C. W.

(Ed.), Widening horizons in creativity. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1964. Pp. 227–260.

22.

Taylor

C. W.

, & Holland

Predictors of creative performance. In Taylor

C. W.

(Ed.), Creativity: Progress and potential. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964. Pp. 15–48.

23.

Torrance

E. P.

Guiding creative talent. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1962.

24.

Yamamoto

Threshold of intelligence in academic achievement of highly creative students.

Journal of Experimental Education, 1964, 32, 401–405.