The manner in which a particular theoretical approach (the holistic, developmental, systems-oriented perspective) operates to integrate environmental psychology with other subfields of psychology-including clinical, developmental, health, organizational, personality, and social-is described. This serves to advance these and other subfields of psychology and to mitigate the ongoing fragmentation in psychology. Integration is evident in the implications of the assumptions of the perspective for empirical studies, originating largely as theoretical and practical problems for environmental psychology, that have impact on and are of interest to a variety of subfields of psychology.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Altman, I. (1975). Environment and social behavior: Privacy, personal space, territory and crowding. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
2.
Altman, I. (1981). Reflections on environmental psychology. Human Environments, 2(1), 5-7.
3.
Altman, I. (1987). Centripetal and centrifugal trends in psychology. American Psychologist, 42, 1058-1069.
4.
Altman, I. (1990). Toward a transactional perspective. A personal journey. In I. Altman & K. Christensen (Eds.), Environment and behavior studies: Emergence of intellectual traditions (pp. 283-320). New York: Plenum.
5.
Altman, I. , & Gauvain, M. (1981). Across-cultural and dialectic analysis of homes. In L. S. Liben, A. H. Patterson, & N. Newcombe (Eds.), Spatial representation and behavior across the life span (pp. 238-320). New York: Plenum.
6.
Altman, I. , & Rogoff, B. (1987). World views in psychology: Trait, interactional, organismic and transactional perspectives. In D. Stokols & I. Altman (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology (pp. 7-40). New York: Wiley.
7.
Appley, M. H. (1990). Time for reintegration?Science Agenda, 3(1), 12-13.
8.
Apter, D. (1976). Changes in mode of responding to conflict in an environment as plans develop for moving to another environment. Unpublished master's thesis, Clark University, Worcester, MA.
9.
Barker, R. G. (1968). Ecological psychology: Concepts and methods for studying the environment of human behavior. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
10.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
11.
Bronfenbrenner, U. , & Crouter, A. C. (1983). The evolution of environmental models in developmental research. In W. Kessen (Ed.), History, theories and methods (Vol. 1) of R. H. Mussen (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (4th ed., pp. 357-414). New York: Wiley.
12.
Bruner, J. S. , & Krech, D. (1950). Perception and personality: A symposium. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
13.
Buss, A. R. (1977). The trait-situation controversy and the concept of interaction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 3, 196-201.
14.
Cacioppo, J. T. , & Berntson, G. G. (1992). Social psychological contribution to the decade of the brain: Doctrine of multilevel analysis. American Psychologist, 47(8), 1019-1028.
15.
Dandonoli, R. , Demick, J., & Wapner, S. (1990). Physical arrangement and age as determinants of environmental representation. Children's Environments Quarteriy, 7(1), 26-36.
16.
Demick, J. , & Wapner, S. (1980). Effect of environmental relocation upon members of a psychiatric therapeutic community. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 89, 444-452.
17.
Demick, J. , & Wapner, S. (1988). Open and closed adoption: Adevelopmental conceptualization. Family Process, 27(2), 229-249.
18.
Demick, J. , & Wapner, S. (1991). Field dependence-independence in adult development and aging. In S. Wapner & J. Demick (Eds.), Field dependence-independence: Cognitive style across the life span (pp. 245-268). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
19.
Demick, J. , Inoue, W., Wapner, S., Ishii, S., Minami, H., Nishiyama, S., & Yamamoto, T. (1992). Cultural differences in impactof government legislation: Automobile safety belt usage. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 23(4), 468-487.
20.
Demick, J. , Peicott, J., & Wapner, S. (1985, August). Temporal changes in hospitalized alcoholics self-world relationships. Paper presented at the American Psychological Association Annual Convention, Los Angeles, CA.
21.
Dewey, J. , & Bentley, A. F. (1949). Knowing and the known. Boston: Beacon.
22.
Dobzhansky, T. (1951). Genetics and the origin of the species. New York: Columbia University Press.
23.
Ekman, R. (1971). Universal and cultural differences in facial expressions of emotion. In J. K. Cole (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation (pp. 207-283). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
24.
Endler, N. S. , & Magnusson, D. (1976). Toward an interactional psychology of personality. Psychological Bulletin, 83, 956-979.
25.
Erikson, E. H. (1975). Identity and the life cycle. New York: Norton. (Original work published in 1959)
26.
Feibelman, J. K. (1954). Theory of integrative levels. British Journal of Philosophy of Science, 5, 59-66.
27.
Fowler, R. D. (1990). The core discipline. American Psychologist, 45, 1-6.
28.
Freud, S. (1965). New introductory lectures on psychoanalysis. New York: Norton.
29.
Geller, E. S. (1987). Applied behavior analysis and environmental psychology: From strange bedfellows to a productive marriage. In D. Stokols & I. Altnan (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology (pp. 361-388). New York: Wiley.
30.
Gorlitz, D. , Harloff, H. J., & Valsiner, J. (1992). Conference proceedings: The city as a frame of development for children. Berlin, Germany: Technical University of Berin.
31.
Hagino, G. , Mochizuki, M., & Yamamoto, T. (1987). Environmental psychology in Japan. In D. Stokols & I. Altman (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology (Pp. 1155-1170). New York: Wiley.
32.
Hall, E. T. (1966). The hidden dimension. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
33.
Homey, K. (1963). The collected works of Karen Homey. New York: Norton.
34.
Hornstein, G. A. , & Wapner, S. (1984). The experience of the retiree's social network during the transition to retirement In C. M. Anastoos (Ed.), Exploring the lived world readings on phenomenological psychology (pp. 119-136). Carrollton: West Georgia College Press.
35.
Hornstein, G. A. , & Wapner, S. (1985). Modes of experiencing and adapting to retirement. International Journal on Aging & Human Development, 21(4), 291-315.
36.
Hull, C. (1966). Prnciples of behavior. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
37.
Ittelson, W. H. (1973). Environmental perception and contemporary perceptual theory. In W. H. Ittelson (Ed.), Environment and cognition (pp. 1-19). New York: Seminar Press.
38.
Jodelet, D. (1987). The study of people-environment relations in France. In D. Stokols & I. Altman (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology (pp. 1171-1193). NewYork: Wiley.
39.
Kaplan, B. (1966). The comparative developmental approach and its application to symbolization and language in psychopathology. In S. Arieti (Ed.), American hand-book of psychiatry (Vol. 3, pp. 659-688). New York: Basic Books.
40.
Kaplan, B. (1967). Meditations on genesis. Human Development, 10, 65-87.
41.
KOller, R. (1987). Environmental psychology from a Swedish perspective. In D. Stokols & I. Altman (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology (pp. 1243-1279). New York: Wiley.
42.
Langer, J. , Weiner, H., & Wapner, S. (1965). Apparent speed of walking under conditions of danger. The Journal of General Psychology, 73, 291-298.
43.
Lawton, M. P. , & Naherrow, L. (1973). Ecology and the aging process. In C. Eisdorfer & M. R. Lawton (Eds.), Psychology of adult development and aging (pp. 619-674). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
44.
Lazarus, R. S. (1981). A cognitivist's reply to Zajonc on emotions and cognition. American Psychologist, 36, 222-223.
45.
Lemer, R. M. , & Spanier, G. B. (1978). Adolescent development: A life-span perspective. New York: McGraw-Hill.
46.
Leventhal, H. , & Scherer, K. (1987). The relationship of emotion to cognition. A functional approach to a semantic controversy. Cognition and Emotion, 1, 3-28.
47.
Levins, R. , & Lewontin, R. (1985). The dialectic biologist. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
48.
Lewin, K. (1936). Principle of topological psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill.
49.
Lucca-lrizarry, N. , Wapner, S., & Pacheco, A. M. (1981). Adolescent return migration to Puerto Rico: Self-identity and bilingualism. Agenda: A Journal of Hispanic Issues, 11, 15-17, 33.
50.
Magnusson, D. (1988). Individual development from an interactional perspective. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Edbaum.
51.
McCrary, J. W. , & Hunter, W. S. (1953). Serial position curves in verbal learning. Science, 117, 131-134.
52.
Minami, H. (1985). Establishment and transformation of personal networks dung the first year of college: A developmental analysis. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Clark University, Worcester, MA.
53.
Minuchin, S. (1974). Families and family therapy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
54.
Moos, R. H. (1979). Evaluating educational environments. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
55.
Nult, T. , Heidmets, M., & Kruusvall, J. (1987). Environmental psychology in the Soviet Union. In D. Stokols & I. Altman (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology (pp. 1311-1335). New York: Wiley.
56.
Pacheco, A. M. , Lucca, N., & Wapner, S. (1979). Migration as a critical person-in-environment transition: An organismic-developmental interpretation. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Social Sciences Journal), 21, 123-157.
57.
Piaget, J. (1952). The origins of intelligence in children. New York: Norton.
58.
Quirk, M. , & Wapner, S. (1991). Notes on an organismic-developmental systems perspective for health education. Health Education Research, 6(2), 203-210.
59.
Quirk, M. , Ciottone, R., Letendre, D., & Wapner, S. (1987). Critical person-in-environment transitions in medical education. Medical Teacher, 9(4), 415-423.
60.
Riegel, K. F. (1976). The dialectics of human development. American Psychologist, 31, 689-700.
61.
Riegel, K. F. , & Meacham, J. A. (1978). Dialectics, transaction and Piaget's theory. In L. A. Pervin & M. Lewis (Eds.), Perspectives in interactional psychology (pp. 23-47). New York: Plenum.
62.
Rioux, S. , & Wapner, S. (1986). Commitment to use of automobile seat belts: An experiential analysis. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 6, 189-204.
63.
Roelke, D. T. (1989). A comparison of close and non-close friendships: Shared worlds and contributions to social support. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Clark University, Worcester, MA.
64.
Rogoff, B. (1982). Integrating context and cognitive development. In M. C. Lamb & A. L. Brown (Eds.), Advances in developmental psychology (No. 2) (pp. 125-170). San Francisco, CA: Jossey Press.
65.
Rogoff, B. , & Wertsch, J. V. (Eds.). (1984). Children's learning in the "zone of proximal development" New directions for child development. Monograph no. 23. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
66.
Royce, J. R. (Ed.). (1970). Toward unification in psychology: The first Banff conference on theoretical psychology. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
67.
Royce, J. R. (1987). A strategy for developing unifying theory in psychology. In A. W. Staats & L. R. Mos (Eds.), Annals of theoretical psychology (Vol. 5, pp. 275-284). New York: Plenum.
68.
Rychlak, J. F. (1988). Unification through understanding and tolerance of opposition. International Newsletter of Uninomic Psychology, 5, 13-15.
69.
Sameroff, A. J. (1975). Transactional models in early social relations. Human Development, 18, 65-79.
70.
Sameroff, A. J. (1983). Developmental systems: Contexts and evolution. In R. H. Mussen (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 237-294). New York: Wiley.
71.
Schouela, D. A. , Steinberg, L. M., Leveton, L. B., & Wapner, S. (1980). Development of the cognitive organization of an environment. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 12, 1-16.
72.
Seeck, G. C. (1934). The form of the curve of memory in rote gleaming. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, 1934). Dissertation Abstracts, 19, 3034. (University Microfilms No. 00-21507).
73.
Skinner, B. F. (1963). The behavior of organisms. New York: Appleton Century.
74.
Sommer, R. (1969) Personal space: The behavioral basis for design. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
75.
Staats, A. W. (1981). Paradigmatic behaviorism, unified theory, unified theory construction methods and the Zeitgeist of separatism. American Psychologist, 36(3), 239-256.
76.
Staats, A. W. (1991). Unified positivism and unification psychology: Fad or new field?American Psychologist, 46(9), 899-912.
77.
Stein, D. (1988). Development of plasticity in the CNS: Organismic and environmental influences. Worcester, MA: Clark University Press.
78.
Stokols, D. (1992). Establishing and maintaining healthy environment: Toward a social ecology of health promotion. American Psychologist, 47(1), 6-22.
79.
Stokols, D. , & Shumaker, S. A. (1981). People in places: A transactional view of settings. In J. Harvey (Ed.), Cognition, social behavior and its environment (pp. 441-488). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
80.
Valsiner, J. (1988a). Child development within culturally structured environments: Vol. 1. Parental cognition and adult-child interaction. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
81.
Valsiner, J. (1988b). Child development within culturally structured environments: Vol. 2. Social co-construction and environmental guidance in development. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
82.
von Restorff, H. (1933). Oberdie Wirkung von Bereichsbildung im Spurenfeld. Psychologische Forschung, 18, 299-342.
83.
Vygotsky, L. (1978). Mind in society. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
84.
Wapner, S. (1978). Some critical person-environment transitions. Hiroshima Forum for Psychology, 5, 3-20.
85.
Wapner, S. (1981). Transactions of persons-in-environments: Some critical transitions. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 1, 223-239.
86.
Wapner, S. (1987). A holistic, developmental, systems-oriented environmental psychology: Some beginnings. In D. Stokols & I. Altman (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology (pp. 1433-1465). New York: Wiley.
87.
Wapner, S. , Ciottone, R., Homstein, G., McNeil, O., & Pacheco, A. M. (1983). An examination of studies of critical transitions through the life cycle. In S. Wapner & B. Kaplan (Eds.), Toward a holistic developmental psychology (pp. 111-132). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Eribaum.
88.
Wapner, S. & Craig-Bray, L. (1992). Person-in-environment transitions: Theoretical and methodological approaches [Special issue]. Environment and Behavior, 24(2), 161-188.
89.
Wapner, S. , & Demick, J. (1989). A holistic, developmental systems approach to person-environment functioning. International Newsletter of Uninomic Psychology, 8, 15-30.
90.
Wapner, S. , & Demick, J. (1990). Development of experience and action: Levels of integration in human functioning. In G. Greenberg & E. Tobach (Eds.), Theories of the evolution of knowing. The T C. Schneirla Conference Series, Vol. 4 (pp. 47-68). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Edbaum.
91.
Wapner, S. , & Demick, J. (1991). Some relations between developmental and environmental psychology: An organismic-developmental systems perspective. In R. M. Downs, L. S. Liben, & D. S. Palermo (Eds.), Visions of aesthetics, the environment & development: The legacy of Joachim F Wohlwill (pp. 181-211). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
92.
Wapner, S. , Demick, J., & Redondo, J. R. (1990). Cherished possessions and adaptation of older people to nursing homes. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 31(3), 299-315.
93.
Wapner, S. , Kaplan, B., & Ciottone, R. (1981). Self-world relationships in critical environmental transitions: Childhood and beyond. In L. Liben, A. Patterson, & N. Newcombe (Eds.), Spatial representation and behavior across the life span (pp. 251-282). New York: Academic Press.
94.
Wapner, S. , McFarland, J. H., & Werner, H. (1963). Effect of visual spatial context on perception of one's own body. British Journal of Psychology, 54, 41-49.
95.
Wapner, S. , Wemer, H., & Comalli, R E., Jr. (1956). Space localization under conditions of danger. Journal of Psychology, 41, 335-346.
96.
Watson, J. B. (1913). Psychology as a behaviorist views it. Psychological Review, 20, 158-177.
97.
Werner, H. (1957a). Comparative psychology of mental development (3rd ed.). New York: International Universities Press.
98.
Werner, H. (1957b). The concept of development from a comparative and organismic point of view. In D. Harris (Ed.), The concept of development (pp. 125-148). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
99.
Wemer, H. , & Kaplan, B. (1956). The developmental approach to cognition: Its relevance to the psychological interpretation of anthropological and ethnolinguistic data. American Anthropologist, 58, 866-880.
100.
Werner, H. , & Wapner, S. (1955). Changes in psychological distance under conditions of danger. Journal of Personality, 24(2), 153-167.
101.
Wofsey, E. , Rierdan, J., & Wapner, S. (1979). Planning to move: Effects on representing the currently inhabited environment. Environment and Behavior, 11(1), 3-32.
102.
Wohlwill, J. F. (1973). The environment is not in the head. In W.F.G. Preiser (Ed.), Environmental Design Research Association Symposia and Workshops, Vol. 2 (pp. 166-181). Stroudsberg, PA: Bowden, Hutchinson & Ross.
103.
Wohlwill, J. F. , & Heft, H. (1987). The physical environment and the development of the child. In D. Stokols & I. Altman (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology (pp. 281-328). New York: Wiley.
104.
Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist, 35, 151-175.
105.
Zube, E. H. , Sell, J. L., & Taylor, J. G. (1982). Landscape perception: Research, application and theory. Landscape Planning, 9, 1-33.
