Changing the “Meaning of Place” Within a Hospital: The Impact of Establishing an Art Gallery on Esthetic Experience,Restorativeness,Affective Commitment,and Work Engagement of Healthcare Personnel
Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online December, 2023
Changing the “Meaning of Place” Within a Hospital: The Impact of Establishing an Art Gallery on Esthetic Experience,Restorativeness,Affective Commitment,and Work Engagement of Healthcare Personnel
For a long time, care environments have been characterized as "inhuman," with their place meaning linked to illness and suffering. This study aims to analyze the shift in the meaning of the hospital space, investigating the impact of a permanent art gallery in a hospital's Gynecology Department on employees' well-being. Employing a quasi-experimental design, a final sample of 116 hospital employees (81 in the control group and 74 in the experimental group) completed self-report measures before and after the installation. Three self-report measurements were conducted at approximately 45-day intervals. The intervention resulted in an immediate increase in aesthetic experience, confirming an emotional involvement. Additionally, the art gallery demonstrated delayed positive effects on restorativeness after 45 days, positively affecting affective commitment and work engagement. These findings highlight the potential of art interventions in healthcare settings to enhance employees' well-being, suggesting implications for organizational design and employee satisfaction.
AeschbachV. M.SchippergesH.BraunM. A.EhretS.RuessM.SahintuerkZ.ThomaschkeR. (2022). Less is more: The effect of visiting duration on the perceived restorativeness of museums. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000475
2.
AllenN. J.MeyerJ. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00506.x
3.
AlyamiA. (2009). The integration of art therapy into physical rehabilitation in a Saudi hospital. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 36(5), 282–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2009.07.001
4.
AmiconeG.PetruccelliI.De DominicisS.GherardiniA.CostantinoV.PerucchiniP.BonaiutoM. (2018). Green breaks: The restorative effect of the school environment’s green areas on children’s cognitive performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 301023. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01579
5.
AndradeC. C.LimaM. L.DevlinA. S.HernándezB. (2016). Is it the place or the people? Disentangling the effects of hospitals’ physical and social environments on well-being. Environment and Behavior, 48(2), 299–323. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916514536182
6.
AndradeC. C.LimaM. L.FornaraF.BonaiutoM. (2012). Users’ views of hospital environmental quality: Validation of the Perceived Hospital Environment Quality Indicators (PHEQIs). Journal of Environmental Psychology, 32, 97–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2011.12.001
7.
AndradeC. C.LimaM. L.PereiraC. R.FornaraF.BonaiutoM. (2013). Inpatients’ and Outpatients’ satisfaction: The mediating role of perceived quality of physical and social environment. Health & Place, 21, 122–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2013.01.013
8.
AristizabalS.ByunK.PorterP.ClementsN.CampanellaC.LiL.MullanA.LyS.SeneratA.NenadicI. Z.BrowningW. D.LoftnessV.BauerB. (2021). Biophilic office design: Exploring the impact of a multisensory approach on human well-being. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 77, 101682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101682
9.
ArneillA. B.DevlinA. S. (2002). Perceived quality of care: The influence of the waiting room environment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 22(4), 345–360. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.2002.0274
10.
BagotK. L.AllenF. C. L.ToukhsatiS. (2015). Perceived restorativeness of children’s school playground environments: Nature, playground features and play period experiences. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 41, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.11.005
11.
BakkerA. B.SchaufeliW. B. (2008). Positive organizational behavior: Engaged employees in flourishing organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29, 147–154. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.515
12.
BardhanM.ZhangK.BrowningM. H.DongJ.LiuT.BaileyC.McAnirlinO.HanleyJ.MinsonC. T.MutelR. L.RanganathanS.ReubenA. (2023). Time in nature is associated with higher levels of positive mood: Evidence from the 2023 NatureDose™ student survey. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 90, 102083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102083
13.
BatesV. (2018). ‘Humanizing’ healthcare environments: Architecture, art and design in modern hospitals. Design for Health, 2(1), 5–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/24735132.2018.1436304
14.
BelliniD.BarbieriB.BarattucciM.MasciaM. L.RamaciT. (2021). The role of a restorative resource in the academic context in improving intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and flow within the job demands–resources model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(22), 15263. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215263
15.
BelliniD.RamaciT.BonaiutoM. (2015). The restorative effect of the environment on organizational cynicism and work engagement. Journal of Human Resource and Sustainability Studies, 3, 124–135. https://doi.org/10.4236/jhrss.2015.33017
16.
BertoR. (2005). Exposure to restorative environments helps restore attentional capacity. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 25(3), 249–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2005.07.001
17.
BertoR.BarbieroG.BarbieroP.SenesG. (2018). An individual’s connection to nature can affect perceived restorativeness of natural environments. Some observations about biophilia. Behavioral Sciences, 8(3), 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs8030034
18.
BjerkeR.IndN.De PaoliD. (2007). The impact of aesthetics on employee satisfaction and motivation. EuroMed Journal of Business, 2(1), 57–73. https://doi.org/10.1108/14502190710749956
19.
Bodin DanielssonC.TheorellT. (2019). Office employees’ perception of workspace contribution: A gender and office design perspective. Environment and Behavior, 51(9–10), 995–1026. https://doi.org/10.1177/001391651875914
20.
BornioliA.Subiza-PérezM. (2023). Restorative urban environments for healthy cities: A theoretical model for the study of restorative experiences in urban built settings. Landscape Research, 48(1), 152–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2022.2124962
21.
BressaneA.NegriR. G.MedeirosL. C.AraújoI. L.SilvaM. B.GalvãoA. L.RosaG. C. (2022). Association between contact with nature and anxiety, stress and depression symptoms: A primary survey in Brazil. Sustainability, 14(17), 10506. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710506
22.
BrieberD.NadalM.LederH. (2015). In the white cube: Museum context enhances the valuation and memory of art. Acta Psychological, 154, 36–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.11.004
23.
BrieberD.NadalM.LederH.RosenbergR. (2014). Art in time and space: Context modulates the relation between art experience and viewing time. PLOS ONE, 9(6), e99019. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0099019
24.
BrowningM. H.MimnaughK. J.Van RiperC. J.LaurentH. K.LaValleS. M. (2020). Can simulated nature support mental health? Comparing short, single-doses of 360-degree nature videos in virtual reality with the outdoors. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 487686. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02667
25.
CadoganE.LionettiF.MurphyM.SettiA. (2023). Watching a video of nature reduces negative affect and rumination, while positive affect is determined by the level of sensory processing sensitivity. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 90, 102031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102031
26.
CanterD. (1997). The facets of place. In MooreG. T.MaransR. W. (Eds.), Toward the integration of theory, methods, research, and utilization (pp. 109–147). Springer.
27.
CaplanR. D. (1983). Person-environment fit: Past, present, and future. In CooperC. L. (Ed.), Stress research (pp. 35–78).Wiley.
28.
CaplanR. D. (1987). Person-environment fit theory and organizations: Commensurate dimensions, time perspectives, and mechanisms. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 31(3), 248–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(87)90042-X
CarrusG.PassiatoreY.PirchioS.ScopellitiM. (2015). Contact with nature in educational settings might help cognitive functioning and promote positive social behaviour/El contacto con la naturaleza en los contextos educativos podría mejorar el funcionamiento cognitivo y fomentar el comportamiento social positivo. Psyecology, 6(2), 191–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/21711976.2015.1026079
31.
ChunM. H.ChangM. C.LeeS. J. (2017). The effects of forest therapy on depression and anxiety in patients with chronic stroke. International Journal of Neuroscience, 127(3), 199–203. https://doi.org/10.3109/00207454.2016.1170015
32.
CialdiniR. B.KallgrenC. A.RenoR. R. (1991). A focus theory of normative conduct: A theoretical refinement and re-evaluation of the role of norms in human behaviour. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 24, 201–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60330-5
33.
ClowA.FredhoiC. (2006). Normalisation of salivary cortisol levels and self-report stress by a brief lunchtime visit to an art gallery by London City workers. Journal of Holistic Healthcare, 3(2), 29–32.
34.
ColeD. N.HallT. E. (2010). Experiencing the restorative components of wilderness environments: Does congestion interfere and does length of exposure matter?Environment and Behavior, 42(6), 806–823. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916509347248
35.
CookT. D.CampbellD. T.DayA. (1979). Quasi-experimentation: Design & analysis issues for field settings (Vol. 351). Houghton Mifflin.
36.
CotterK. N.HarroucheM.Rodriguez-BoerwinkleR. M.BoerwinkleM.SilviaP. J.PawelskiJ. O. (2023). Virtual art visits: Examining the effects of slow looking on well-being in an online environment. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000548
37.
CsikszentmihalyiM. (1998). Implications of a systems perspective for the study of creativity. In SternbergR. (Ed.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 313–336). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511807916.018
38.
CuypersK.KrokstadS.HolmenT. L.KnudtsenM. S.BygrenL. O.HolmenJ. (2012). Patterns of receptive and creative cultural activities and their association with perceived health, anxiety, depression and satisfaction with life among adults: The HUNT study, Norway. Journal of Epidemiology Community Health, 66(8), 698–703.
39.
DavenportM. A.AndersonD. H. (2005). Getting from sense of place to place-based management: An interpretive investigation of place meanings and perceptions of landscape change. Society and Natural Resources, 18(7), 625–641. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920590959613
40.
De GrootS. A. (2014). In search of beauty: Developing beautiful organizations [PhD dissertation]. Technische Universiteit Eindhoven.
41.
Del NordR.MarinoD.PerettiG. (2015). Humanization of care spaces: A research developed for the Italian ministry of health. TECHNE - Journal of Technology for Architecture and Environment, 9, 224–229. https://doi.org/10.13128/Techne-16127
42.
DevlinA. S. (1995). Staff, patients, and visitors: Responses to hospital unit enhancements. In NasarJ. L.GrannisP.HanyuK. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 26th Annual Environmental Design Research Association (pp. 113–117). Environmental Design Research Association.
43.
Di MassoA.DixonJ.PolE. (2011). On the contested nature of place: ‘Figuera’s Well,’ ‘The Hole of Shame’ and the ideological struggle over public space in Barcelona. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 31, 231–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2011.05.002
44.
DongL.YangC.NianL. (2021). Tackling the negative impact of COVID-19 on work engagement and taking charge: A multi-study investigation of frontline health workers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 106(2), 185–198. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000866
EisenS. L.UlrichR. S.ShepleyM. M.VarniJ. W.ShermanS. (2008). The stress-reducing effects of art in pediatric health care: Art preferences of healthy children and hospitalized children. Journal of Child Health Care, 12(3), 173–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367493508092507
47.
FancourtD.SteptoeA. (2019). The art of life and death: 14-year follow-up analyses of associations between arts engagement and mortality in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. BMJ, 367, l6377. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l6377
48.
FaulF.ErdfelderE.LangA. G.BuchnerA. (2007). G* Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
49.
FerraraV.De SantisS.MelchioriF. M. (2020). Art for improving skills in medical education: The validation of a scale for measuring the Visual Thinking Strategies method. La Clinica Terapeutica, 171(3), e253–e259. https://doi.org/10.7417/CT.2020.2223
50.
FornaraF.AndradeC. (2012). Healthcare environments. In ClaytonS. (Ed.), The oxford handbook of environmental and conservation psychology (pp. 295–315). Oxford University Press.
51.
FornaraF.BonaiutoM.BonnesM. (2006). Perceived hospital environment quality indicators: A study of orthopaedic units. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 26, 321–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2006.07.003
52.
FornaraF.BonaiutoM.BonnesM. (2012). Indicatori di Umanizzazione Ospedaliera Percepita: Un’analisi comparativa tra reparti di Chirurgia Generale [Indicators of perceived hospital humanization: A comparison analysis among three General Surgery Units]. Psicologia della Salute (“Health Psychology”), 1/2012, 39–60. https://doi.org/10.3280/pds2012-001004
53.
FrankenE.BentleyT.ShafaeiA.Farr-WhartonB.OnnisL. A.OmariM. (2021). Forced flexibility and remote working: Opportunities and challenges in the new normal. Journal of Management & Organization, 27(6), 1131–1149. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2021.40
54.
GartusA.LederH. (2014). The white cube of the museum versus the gray cube of the street: The role of context in aesthetic evaluations. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 8(3), 311–320. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036847
55.
GibsonJ. J. (1966). The senses considered as perceptual systems. Houghton Mifflin.
56.
GibsonJ. J. (1977). The theory of affordances. Hilldale, USA, 1(2), 67–82.
57.
GibsonJ. J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception. Houghton Mifflin.
58.
GiffordR. (2002). Environmental psychology: Principles and practice. Optimal Books.
59.
González-SuhrC.SalgadoS.ElguetaH.AlcoverC. (2019). Does visual aesthetics of the workplace matter? Analyzing the assessment of visual aesthetics as antecedent of affective commitment and job crafting. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 22, E38. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2019.37
60.
GranbomM.HimmelsbachI.HaakM.LöfqvistC.OswaldF.IwarssonS. (2014). Residential normalcy and environmental experiences of very old people: Changes in residential reasoning over time. Journal of Aging Studies, 29, 9–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2013.12.005
61.
HakanenJ. J.SchaufeliW. B. (2012). Do burnout and work engagement predict depressive symptoms and life satisfaction? A three-wave seven-year prospective study. Journal of Affective. Disorder, 141, 415–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.02.043
62.
HakanenJ. J.RopponenA.SchaufeliW. B.De WitteH. (2019) Who is engaged at work? A large-scale study in 30 European countries. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine., 61(5), 373–381. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000001528
63.
HancockP., (2003). Aestheticizing the world of organizations creating beautiful untrue things. In CarrA.HancockP. (Eds.), Art and aesthetics at work (pp. 11–40). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230554641_12
HartigT. (2004). Restorative environments. Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology, 3, 273–279.
67.
HartigT. (2021). Restoration in nature: Beyond the conventional narrative. In SchutteA. R.TorquatiJ. C.StevensJ. R. (Eds.), Nature and psychology. Nebraska symposium on motivation (Vol. 67, pp. 89–151). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69020-5_5
HeftH. (2012). Foundations of an ecological approach to psychology. In ClaytonS. D. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of environmental and conservation psychology (pp. 11–40). Oxford University Presshttps://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733026.013.0002
70.
HuQ.SchaufeliW. B.TarisT. W. (2017). How are changes in exposure to job demands and job resources related to burnout and engagement? A longitudinal study among Chinese nurses and police officers. Stress & Health, 33, 631–644. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2750
71.
HummonD. M. (1992). Community attachment: Local sentiment and sense of place. In AltmanI.LowS. M. (Eds.), Place attachment (pp. 253–278). Springer.
72.
ItaliaS.Favara-ScaccoC.CataldoA. D.RussoG. (2008). Evaluation and art therapy treatment of the burnout syndrome in oncology units. Psycho-Oncology, 17(7), 676–680. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.1293
JakeschM.LederH. (2009). Finding meaning in art: Preferred levels of ambiguity in art appreciation. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62(11), 2105–2112. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210903038974
75.
JeungC.-W. (2011). The concept of employee engagement: A comprehensive review from a positive organizational behavior perspective. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 24, 49–69. https://doi.org/10.1002/piq.20110
76.
JohanssonM.HartigT.StaatsH. (2011). Psychological benefits of walking: Moderation by company and outdoor environment. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 3(3), 261–280. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2011.01051.x
77.
JoyA.SherryJ. F.Jr. (2003). Speaking of art as embodied imagination: A multisensory approach to understanding aesthetic experience. Journal of Consumer Research, 30(2), 259–282. https://doi.org/10.1086/376802
78.
KallioT. J.KallioK. M.BlombergA. J. (2015). Physical space, culture and organisational creativity – A longitudinal study. Facilities, 33(5/6), 389–411. https://doi.org/10.1108/F-09-2013-0074
79.
KaplanR.KaplanS. (1989). The experience of nature: A psychological perspective. Cambridge University Press.
80.
KaplanS. (1995). The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15(3), 169–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-4944(95)90001-2
81.
KaplanS.BardwellL. V.SlakterD. B. (1993). The museum as a restorative environment. Environment and Behavior, 25(6), 725–742. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916593256004
82.
KarpavičiūtėS.MacijauskienėJ. (2016). The impact of arts activity on nursing staff well-being: An intervention in the workplace. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(4), 435. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13040435
83.
KellertS. R.HeerwagenJ.MadorM. (2011). Biophilic design: The theory, science and practice of bringing buildings to life. John Wiley & Sons.
84.
KirillovaK.FuX.KucukustaD. (2018). Workplace design and well-being: aesthetic perceptions of hotel employees. The Service Industries Journal, 40(1–2), 27–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2018.1543411
85.
KometianiM. K. (2017). Creating a vital healing community: A pilot study of an art therapy employee support group at a pediatric hospital. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 54, 122–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2017.04.012
86.
KopatichR. D.SteciuchC. C.FellerD. P.MillisK.SiegesmundR. (2023). Development and validation of the Aesthetic Processing Preference Scale (APPS). Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 17(5), 645–659. https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000449
87.
KorpelaK.De BloomJ.SianojaM.PasanenT.KinnunenU. (2017). Nature at home and at work: Naturally good? Links between window views, indoor plants, outdoor activities and employee well-being over one year. Landscape and Urban Planning, 160, 38–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.12.005
88.
KorpelaK.KyttäM.HartigT. (2002). Restorative experience, self-regulation, and children's place preferences. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 22(4), 387–398. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.2002.0277
89.
KottaszR.BennettR.SavaniS.Ali-ChoudhuryR. (2008). The role of corporate art in the management of corporate identity. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 13(3), 235–254. https://doi.org/10.1108/13563280810893634
90.
KraussL.OttC.OpwisK.MeyerA.GaabJ. (2021). Impact of contextualizing information on aesthetic experience and psychophysiological responses to art in a museum: A naturalistic randomized controlled trial. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 15(3), 505–516. https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000280
91.
Lazauskaitė-ZabielskėJ.UrbanavičiūtėI.BalsienėR. R. (2020). The structure of work engagement: A test of psychometric properties of the Lithuanian version of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 36(4), 601–611. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000545
92.
LederH.BelkeB.OeberstA.AugustinD. (2004). A model of aesthetic appreciation and aesthetic judgments. British Journal of Psychology, 95(4), 489–508. https://doi.org/10.1348/0007126042369811
93.
LederH.GergerG.DresslerS. G.SchabmannA. (2012). How art is appreciated. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 6(1), 2–10. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026396
94.
LewE. (2006). The power of place: The application of environmental psychology in urban planning. In Jacques-MenegazM.HaletkyN. (Eds.), Urban Action 2006 (pp. 30–34). San Francisco State University.
95.
LindalP. J.HartigT. (2013). Architectural variation, building height, and the restorative quality of urban residential streetscapes. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 33, 26–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2012.09.003
96.
LindalP. J.HartigT. (2014). Effects of urban street vegetation on judgments of restoration likelihood. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 14(2), 200–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.02.001
97.
MaierL.BaccarellaC. V.WagnerT. F.MeinelM.EismannT.VoigtK. (2022). Saw the office, want the job: The effect of creative workspace design on organizational attractiveness. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 80, 101773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2022.101773
98.
ManzoL. C. (2005). For better or worse: Exploring multiple dimensions of place meaning. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 25(1), 67–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2005.01.002
99.
MastandreaS.FagioliS.BiasiV. (2019). Art and psychological well-being: Linking the brain to the aesthetic emotion. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 430007. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00739
100.
MastandreaS.MaricchioloF.CarrusG.GiovannelliI.GiulianiV.BerardiD. (2019). Visits to figurative art museums may lower blood pressure and stress. Arts & Health, 11(2), 123–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/17533015.2018.1443953
101.
MastandreaS.TinioP. P.SmithJ. K. (2021). Editorial: Environment, art, and museums: The aesthetic experience in different contexts. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 675165. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.675165
102.
McAllisterM. J.CostiganP. A.DaviesJ. P.DiesbourgT. L. (2022). The effect of training and workstation adjustability on teleworker discomfort during the COVID-19 pandemic. Applied Ergonomics, 102, 103749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103749
103.
MeyerJ. P.MorinA. J.RousseauV.BoudriasJ. S.BrunelleE. (2021). Profiles of global and target-specific work commitments: Why compatibility is better and how to achieve it. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 128, 103588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2021.103588
104.
MilchV.VaagJ. R.GiæverF.SaksvikP. Ø. (2013). Building healthy organizations through music and culture interventions. In G.BauerG.Jenny (Eds.), Salutogenic organizations and change (pp. 291–305). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6470-5_16
105.
MossH.O’DonoghueJ. (2020). An evaluation of workplace choir singing amongst health service staff in Ireland. Health Promotion International, 35, 527–534. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daz044
106.
MuraA. L.AriccioS.VillaniT.BonaiutoF.BonaiutoM. (2023). The physical environment in remote working: Development and validation of Perceived Remote Workplace Environment Quality Indicators (PRWEQIs). Sustainability, 15(4), 2858. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15042858
107.
MuraA. L.NonnisM.ScrimaF.FornaraF. (2023). Promoting the work engagement of the health worker: The role of secure workplace attachment, perceived spatial-physical comfort, and relationship with patients. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 85, 101937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2022.101937
108.
MyersM. G. (2020). Visual art as a restorative, placed-based biophilic coping mechanism in the workplace: A case study [Unpublished thesis]. Kent State University.
109.
NagasawaY. (2000). The geography of hospitals. In WapnerS.DemickJ.YamamotoT.MinaniH. (Eds.), Theoretical perspectives in environment-behavior research (pp. 217–227). Kluwer.
110.
NandaU.BajemaR.Ortega-AndeaneP.SolovyovaI.Bozovic-StamenovicR. (2013). Investigating the impact of culture and education on students’ art preferences. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 30(4), 291–310. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43031015
111.
NandaU.Barbato GaydosH. L.HathornK.WatkinsN. (2010). Art and posttraumatic stress: A review of the empirical literature on the therapeutic implications of artwork for war veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Environment and Behavior, 42(3), 376–390. https://doi.org/10.1177/001391651036187
112.
NejatiA.ShepleyM.RodiekS.LeeC.VarniJ. (2016). Restorative design features for hospital staff break areas: A multi-method study. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 9(2), 16–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586715592632
113.
NimlyatP. S.KandarM. Z. (2015). Appraisal of indoor environmental quality (IEQ) in healthcare facilities: A literature review. Sustainable Cities and Society, 17, 61–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2015.04.002
114.
NonnisM.PirroneM. P.CuccuS.AgusM.PedditziM. L.CorteseC. G. (2020). Burnout syndrome in reception systems for illegal immigrants in the Mediterranean. A quantitative and qualitative study of Italian practitioners. Sustainability, 12, 2071–1050. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125145
115.
OjalaA.NeuvonenM.KurkilahtiM.LeinikkaM.HuotilainenM.TyrväinenL. (2022). Short virtual nature breaks in the office environment can restore stress: An experimental study. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 84, 101909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2022.101909
116.
OlafsdottirG.ClokeP.SchulzA.Van DyckZ.EysteinssonT.ThorleifsdottirB.VögeleC. (2020). Health benefits of walking in nature: A randomized controlled study under conditions of real-life stress. Environment and Behavior, 52(3), 248–274. https://doi.org/10.1177/001391651880079
117.
PackerJ.BallantyneR. (2002). Motivational factors and the visitor experience: A comparison of three sites. Curator: The Museum Journal, 45(3), 183–198. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2151-6952.2002.tb00055.x
PelowskiM.ForsterM.TinioP. P. L.SchollM.LederH. (2017). Beyond the lab: An examination of key factors influencing interaction with ‘real’ and museum-based art. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 11(3), 245–264. https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000141
120.
PoelmannF. B.KoëterT.SteinkampP. J.VriensM. R.VerhoevenB.KruijffS. (2021). The immediate impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on burn-out, work-engagement, and surgical training in the Netherlands. Surgery, 170, 719e726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2021.02.061
RafaeliA.Vilnai-YavetzI. (2004). Emotion as a connection of physical artifacts and organizations. Organization Science, 15(6), 671–686. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1040.0083
123.
RafieiS.GiffordR. (2023). The meaning of the built environment: A comprehensive model based on users traversing their university campus. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 87, 101975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.101975
124.
RashidM.ZimringC. (2008). A review of the empirical literature on the relationships between indoor environment and stress in health care and office settings: Problems and prospects of sharing evidence. Environment and Behavior, 40(2), 151–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916507311550
125.
RattrieL.T.KittlerM. G.PaulK. I. (2020). Culture, burnout, and engagement: A meta-analysis on national cultural values as moderators in JD-R Theory. Applied Psychology, 69(1), 176–220. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12209
126.
RondaL.de GraciaE. (2022). Does office aesthetics drive job choice? Boosting employee experience and well-being perception through workplace design. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 44(5), 1077–1091. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-06-2021-0253
127.
RussellD.MathewS.FittsM.LiddleZ.Murakami-GoldL.CampbellN.RamjanM.ZhaoY.HinesS.HumphreysJ. S.WakermanJ. (2021). Interventions for health workforce retention in rural and remote areas: A systematic review. Human Resources for Health, 19(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-021-00643-7
128.
ScannellL.GiffordR. (2017). Place attachment enhances psychological need satisfaction. Environment and Behavior, 49(4), 359–389. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916516637648
129.
SchaufeliW. B. (2012). Work engagement. What do we know and where do we go?Romanian Journal of Applied Psychology, 14(1), 3–10.
130.
SchaufeliW. B.BakkerA. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 293–315. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.248
131.
SchaufeliW. B.BakkerA. B. (2010). Defining and measuring work engagement: Bringing clarity to the concept. In BakkerA. B.LeiterM. P. (Eds.), Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research (pp. 10–24). Psychology Press.
132.
SchaufeliW. B.BakkerA. B. (2020). Work engagement: A critical assessment of concept and measurement. In TuchW. R.BakkerA. B.TayL.GanderF. (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology assessment (pp. 273–295). Hogrefe.
SchaufeliW. B.ShimazuA.HakanenJ.SalanovaM.De WitteH. (2017). An ultra-short measure for work engagement. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 35(4), 577–591. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000430
ScopellitiM.CarrusG.BonaiutoM. (2019). Is it really nature that restores people? A comparison with historical sites with high restorative potential. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 426012. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02742
137.
ScopellitiM.GiulianiM. V. (2004). Choosing restorative environments across the lifespan: A matter of place experience. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24(4), 423–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2004.11.002
138.
ScrimaF.MuraA. L.NonnisM.FornaraF. (2021). The relation between workplace attachment style, design satisfaction, privacy and exhaustion in office employees: A moderated mediation model. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 78, 101693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101693
139.
SeppäläP.AnsioH.HouniP.HakanenJ. J. (2020). A two-wave quasi-experimental intervention study of a participatory visual art intervention: Unexpected effects on job resources and work engagement. Arts & Health, 12(1), 38–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/17533015.2018.1517370
140.
ShellaT. A. (2018). Art therapy improves mood, and reduces pain and anxiety when offered at bedside during acute hospital treatment. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 57, 59–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2017.10.003
141.
ShenX.ZhangH.LiY.QuK.ZhaoL.KongG.JiaW. (2023). Building a satisfactory indoor environment for healthcare facility occupants: A literature review. Building and Environment, 228, 109861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109861
142.
SilviaP. J.NusbaumE. C. (2011). On personality and piloerection: Individual differences in aesthetic chills and other unusual aesthetic experiences. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 5(3), 208–214. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021914
SmithC. E.BarrattC. L.HirvoA. (2021). Burned out or engaged at work? The role of self- regulatory personality profiles. Stress Health, 37(3), 572–587. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.3015
146.
SoilemeziD.DrahotaA.CrosslandJ.StoresR.CostallA. (2017). Exploring the meaning of home for family caregivers of people with dementia. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 51, 70–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2017.03.007
147.
SonkeJ.RollinsJ.BrandmanR.Graham-PoleJ. (2009). The state of the arts in healthcare in the United States. Arts & Health, 1(2), 107–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/17533010903031580
148.
SpeckerE.ForsterM.BrinkmannH.BoddyJ.PelowskiM.RosenbergR.LederH. (2020). The Vienna Art Interest and Art Knowledge Questionnaire (VAIAK): A unified and validated measure of art interest and art knowledge. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 14(2), 172–185. https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000205
149.
SpeckerE.TinioP. P.Van ElkM. (2017). Do you see what I see? An investigation of the aesthetic experience in the laboratory and museum. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 11(3), 265–275. https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000107
150.
StaatsH. (2012). Restorative environments. In ClaytonS. D. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of environmental and conservation psychology (pp. 11–40). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733026.013.0002
151.
StevensonM. P.SchilhabT.BentsenP. (2018). Attention Restoration Theory II: A systematic review to clarify attention processes affected by exposure to natural environments. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 21(4), 227–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2018.1505571
152.
StragàM.MianiC.MäntyläT.Bruine de BruinW.MotticaM.Del MissierF. (2023). Into the wild or into the library? Perceived restorativeness of natural and built environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 91, 102131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102131
153.
SzubielskaM.ImbirK. (2022). The aesthetic experience of contemporary installations in an art gallery and a laboratory setting: The issue of interactivity. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 18(3), 179–189. https://doi.org/10.5709/acp-0360-7
154.
Ter-KazarianK. (2020). Influence of an art museum visit on individuals’ psychological and physiological indicators of stress. University of Washington.
155.
TisuL.LupșaD.VîrgăD.RusuA. (2020). Personality characteristics, job performance and mental health: The mediating role of work engagement. Personality and Individual Differences, 15, 109644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109644
156.
TuanY. F. (1977). Experience and appreciation. Children, nature, and the urban environment (General Technical Report NE-30). USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Experiment Station, 26–32.
157.
TuiskuK.VirtanenM.De BloomJ.KinnunenU. (2016). Cultural leisure activities, recovery and work engagement among hospital employees. Industrial Health, 54(3), 254–262. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2015-0124
158.
UlrichR. S. (1983). Aesthetic and affective response to natural environment. In AltmanI.WohlwillJ. F. (Eds.), Behavior and the natural environment: Human behavior and environment (Vol. 6., pp. 85–125). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3539-9_4
159.
UlrichR. S. (1984). View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science, 224(4647), 420–421. https://doi.org/6143402
160.
UlrichR. S. (1991). Effects of interior design on wellness: Theory and recent scientific research. Journal of Health Care Interior Design, 3(1), 97–109.
161.
UlrichR. S.GilpinL. (2003). Healing arts: Nutrition for the soul. In FramptonS. B.GilpinL.ChannelP. A. (Eds.), Putting patients first: Designing and practicing patient-centered care (pp. 117–146). Jossey-Bass.
162.
UlrichR. S.SimonsR. F.LositoB. D.FioritoE.MilesM. A.ZelsonM. (1991). Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 11(3), 201–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80184-7
163.
Van HedgerS. C.NusbaumH. C.ClohisyL.JaeggiS. M.BuschkuehlM.BermanM. G. (2019). Of cricket chirps and car horns: The effect of nature sounds on cognitive performance. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 26, 522–530. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-018-1539-1
164.
van MolM. M.NijkampM. D.BakkerJ.SchaufeliW. B.KompanjeE. J. (2018). Counterbalancing work-related stress? Work engagement among intensive care professionals. Australian Critical Care, 31(4), 234–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aucc.2017.05.001
165.
VeitchJ. A.StokkermansM. G.NewshamG. R. (2013). Linking lighting appraisals to work behaviors. Environment and Behavior, 45(2), 198–214. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916511420560
166.
Vilnai-YavetzI.RafaeliA.YaacovC. S. (2005). Instrumentality, aesthetics, and symbolism of office design. Environment and Behavior, 37(4), 533–551. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916504270695
167.
WeberA. M.TrojanJ. (2018). The restorative value of the urban environment: A systematic review of the existing literature. Environmental Health Insights, 12, 1178630218812805. https://doi.org/10.1177/1178630218812805
168.
WilliamsP.ColemanN. V.MoralesA. C.CesareoL. (2018). Connections to brands that help others versus help the self: The impact of incidental awe and pride on consumer relationships with social-benefit and luxury brands. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research, 3(2), 202–215. https://doi.org/10.1086/697083
169.
ZierisP.FreundS.KalsE. (2023). Nature experience and well-being: Bird watching as an intervention in nursing homes to maintain cognitive resources, mobility, and biopsychosocial health. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 91, 102139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102139
